Footnotes

• AN-J and JA contributed equally.

• Contributors RP, IJ, VF, CF, JJGG, ANJ and JA designed the study. RP, ACI, MRB, SR, MFDS, LM, CL, IC, LL, JSM, JMM, JSdT and VF collected the clinical data. MM, CE and CMA supervised the microbiological studies. RP, ANJ and JA analysed the data and wrote the paper. All authors have reviewed and approved the version submitted for publication.

• Funding This work was supported by 'Subvencions per a la Intensificació de Facultatius Especialistes' (Departament de Salut de la Generalitat de Catalunya, Programa PERIS 2016-2020) (SLT008/18/00193) to ANJ.

• Competing interests CF has received funds for speaking at symposia organised on behalf of Gilead Sciences. JA has received grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Sobi; grants and personal fees from Novartis; grants from Roche; grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Pfizer; grants and personal fees from BMS; grants from Lilly; grants from Novimmune; grants and personal fees from Gebro; and grants, personal fees and non-financial support from AbbVie, outside the submitted work.

• Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.