Footnotes

• Handling editor Josef S Smolen

• Twitter @CaoilfhionnMD, @JenLAlejo

• Contributors Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work: CMC, TP-YC, BJB, MT, JLA, AM, AAS, WAW, JG-W, DLS, JJP. Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content: CMC, TP-YC, JAR, BJB, MT, JLA, AM, LC-S, AAS, WAW, JG-W, DLS, JJP. Final approval of the version to be published: CMC, TP-YC, JAR, BJB, JLA, AM, LC-S, AAS, WAW, DLS, JG-W, JJP. Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved: CMC, TP-YC, JAR, BJB, JLA, LC-S, WAW, JG-W, DLS, JJP.

• Funding This work was made possible by the generous support of the Ben Dov family. This work was supported by grant number F32DK124941 (Boyarsky), 5T32DK007713 (Alejo),K01DK101677 (Massie) and K23DK115908 (Garonzik‐Wang) from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, K24AI144954 (Segev) from National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, K23AR073927 (Paik) from National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.

• Disclaimer The analyses described here are the responsibility of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products or organisations imply endorsement by the US Government.

• Competing interests DLS, MD PhD, has the following financial disclosures: consulting and speaking honoraria from Sanofi, Novartis, CSL Behring, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Veloxis, Mallincrodt, Thermo Fisher Scientific.Lisa Christopher-Stine has the following financial disclosures: consultant fees from Janssen, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Mallinckrodt, EMD-Serono, Allogene and ArgenX.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

• Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.