Article Text
PDF
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ultrasound-detected tendon abnormalities in healthy subjects (HS) across the age range.
Methods Adult HS (age 18–80 years) were recruited in 23 international Outcome Measures in Rheumatology ultrasound centres and were clinically assessed to exclude inflammatory diseases or overt osteoarthritis before undergoing a bilateral ultrasound examination of digit flexors (DFs) 1–5 and extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendons to detect the presence of tenosynovial hypertrophy (TSH), tenosynovial power Doppler (TPD) and tenosynovial effusion (TEF), usually considered ultrasound signs of inflammatory diseases. A comparison cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was taken from the Birmingham Early Arthritis early arthritis inception cohort.
Results 939 HS and 144 patients with RA were included. The majority of HS (85%) had grade 0 for TSH, TPD and TEF in all DF and ECU tendons examined. There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of TSH and TPD involvement between HS and subjects with RA (HS vs RA p<0.001). In HS, there was no difference in the presence of ultrasound abnormalities between age groups.
Conclusions Ultrasound-detected TSH and TPD abnormalities are rare in HS and can be regarded as markers of active inflammatory disease, especially in newly presenting RA.
- rheumatoid arthritis
- ultrasonography
- tendinopathy
Data availability statement
All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplemental information. Anonymised data are available on request from the authors.
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Statistics from Altmetric.com
Key messages
What is already known about this subject?
Little is known about the prevalence of sonographic tenosynovial abnormalities in healthy subjects (HS) across the age range.
What does this study add?
This is the largest cohort of healthy subjects with tendons scanned by ultrasound.
There is very low prevalence of tendon synovial hypertrophy or power Doppler abnormalities in tendons of HS even in old age.
Ultrasound-detected inflammation in digit flexor and extensor carpi ulnaris tendons in patients suspected to be in the early stages of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) should not be discounted as physiological, even in older age.
How might this impact on clinical practice or future developments?
Ultrasound-detected tenosynovial abnormalities can be regarded as robust findings in the clinical management of early RA.
Introduction
Tenosynovitis (TS) of hand and wrist tendons is common in early untreated inflammatory polyarthritis.1 However, clinical examination alone may not detect this pathology,2 especially as conventional rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity scoring systems focus on joints, not tendons. The use of MRI and ultrasound examination is more sensitive and has shown that the prevalence of detecting TS in patients with early RA is higher than by physical examination alone.3
There has been extensive focus on the sensitivity and role of ultrasound in detecting subclinical synovial inflammation.4 5 Ultrasound has been shown to be highly sensitive in the detection of tenosynovial inflammation, with recent studies demonstrating that ultrasound-detected hand and wrist TS has a role in predicting outcome in early RA and flare in clinical remission.6 7
Although recent studies using MRI have focused on the prevalence of tendon abnormalities in healthy subjects (HS),8 there are limited data on the prevalence of ultrasound-detected ‘TS’ abnormalities in HS, with data arising from small comparison cohorts (ie, case–control studies focused on patients with rheumatic diseases). Furthermore, current studies were not focused on the prevalence of sonographic tendon abnormalities in HS within the age range of 40–70 years when RA commonly presents.9 The prevalence of such abnormalities therefore remains unknown in this group.
The objective of this Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) ultrasound study was therefore to determine the prevalence of ultrasound-detected tendon abnormalities characterising the presence of TS in HS according to the age range.
Methods
Adult HS (18–80 years) were recruited between August 2017 and December 2018 in 23 ultrasound centres in 14 countries with experience of participating in OMERACT ultrasound studies. To ensure a wide range of age coverage, recruitment was obtained from a large range of populations: university or hospital research staff, health service workers, students, volunteers from local advertising or national cohorts such as the Birmingham 1000 Elders group10 in the UK. Exclusion criteria were current or previous history of any form of inflammatory arthritis, joint trauma of hands or wrist in the previous month; hand or wrist pain of o≥10/100 on the Visual Analogue Scale; hand osteoarthritis according to American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria11; history of infection; and recent or current use of medications that may affect ultrasound assessment (see online supplemental table 1). An additional 12 HS were excluded after data collection but before ultrasound analysis due to autoimmune, infectious or musculoskeletal conditions identified from medical history that could confound the results. Demographic data including body mass index (BMI) were collected. Metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, metatarsophalangeal and wrist joints were clinically examined by an independent assessor in each centre, and subjects were excluded if synovitis was found.
Supplemental material
Ultrasound assessment of bilateral digit flexors (DFs) 1–5 and extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendons was performed using a multiplanar approach. The presence of hypoechoic tenosynovial hypertrophy (TSH) and power Doppler signal within tenosynovial power Doppler (TPD) was defined and graded using the OMERACT ultrasound scoring system for TS in RA.12 The ungraded presence of tenosynovial effusion (TEF) was recorded. Adequate gel was used to avoid compression. Views were recorded according to European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) standard reference scan guidelines.13 Musculoskeletal specific preset parameters were used to optimise imaging for greyscale and power Doppler and reduce variability. Details of probes, machines and experience of sonographers in all centres can be found in online supplemental table 2. Quality and grading of recorded images were confirmed by a review of all images for the first HS recruited in each centre by an experienced blinded independent assessor (IS) in the hub centre. Any disagreement was then fed back to the centre and consensus was achieved to ensure reliability in subsequent scans.
Data for a comparison cohort of DMARD-naive patients presenting as patients with new early arthritis with RA fulfilling ACR-EULAR 201014 and/or 1987 criteria15 at presentation were extracted from the Birmingham Early Arthritis (BEACON) inception cohort.6 The following data were collected: 68 tender and 66 swollen clinical counts, age, sex, symptom duration, early morning stiffness duration, medication, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated protein antibody status. This cohort underwent identical baseline tendon ultrasound assessment except for the presence of TEF.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics V.26. Significance for the binary variable gender was assessed using Fisher’s exact test. The continuous variables age and BMI (for all subjects) and early morning stiffness, CRP and joint counts (for patients with RA) were not normally distributed; significance was therefore assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The tendon gradings were dichotomised into either present (grades 1–3) or absent (grade 0). Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the proportions of grade 1–3 TSH, TPD or TEF between age groups in HS, and between HS and patients with RA.
Results
One thousand and forty-nine HS were recruited and 939 HS were included after exclusions of subjects with protocol deviations (see flowchart in online supplemental figure 1). Baseline data for 144 patients with RA were randomly extracted from the BEACON database and matched with a cohort of 144 HS by age, sex and smoking status where possible. Table 1 shows the demographic and ultrasound characteristics of the two populations. Full ultrasound grading results are available in online supplemental table 2 and example of grading in online supplemental figure 2.
Supplemental material
Demographics and tendon changes (grade 1–3 TSH and power Doppler) for HS and patients with RA
Healthy subjects
The median age of HS was 43 years (30–57). HS were grouped into three age groups: HS Y (young, 18–39 years) HS M (middle, 40–59 years) and HS O (old, 60–80 years) for analysis. The majority of volunteer HS were healthcare professionals (423, 45.0%). Other occupational groups included clerical staff (156, 16.6%), students (95, 10.1%), manual workers (68, 7.2%) and teachers (34, 3.6%).
A total of 11 237 tendons were scanned; 98% of these tendons were grade 0 for TSH, TPD and TEF (online supplemental table 3). The distribution of tendon abnormalities, when found, was symmetrical with no significant difference between right and left hands (online supplemental table 4). TEF was more frequently detected than TSH or TPD (p<0.001) (online supplemental table 5).
The majority (791/939, 84.2%) of HS presented grade 0 overall for all ultrasound lesions examined (TSH, TPD and TEF) in all DF 1–5 and ECU tendons. In particular 99% (931/939) of HS had grade 0 for TPD in all tendons scanned. There were no statistically significant differences between age groups (table 1 and figure 1).
Percentage of tendons with grade 1–3 TSH and TPD, and presence of TEF in DF tendons 1–5 and ECU for HS according to age groups, compared with patients with RA. TEF measured only in HS. HS Y, 18–39 years; HS M, 40–59 years; HS O, 60–80 years. DF, digit flexor; ECU, extensor carpi ulnaris tendon; HS, healthy subjects; M, middle; O, old; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; TEF, tenosynovial effusion; TPD, tenosynovial power Doppler; TSH, tenosynovial hypertrophy; Y, young.
Abnormalities were detected in 148 individuals across 939 HS and were of grade 1 severity, with the exception of one grade 2 for TSH in an ECU tendon. The ECU tendons had significantly more grade ≥1 for TSH than the DF 1–5 tendons (p<0.05) (online supplemental table 6).
There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of TSH or TPD ≥1 in HS with manual professions, or in those who practice sports or hobbies which may have high impact on the upper limbs (online supplemental tables 7 and 8).
Patients with RA
Patients with RA were matched with 144 HS by age (within 2 years) and sex, and with smoking status in 116/144 HS. TS as defined by TSH and power Doppler grade ≥1 in DF and ECU tendons was more prevalent in patients with RA (52.8%) compared with HS (0.9%). There were significantly more TSH and TPD grade ≥1 detected in patients with RA compared with age-matched and sex-matched HS (p=0.002 to <0.001) (online supplemental table 9).
Discussion
Our study is the first to assess tendon involvement in large numbers of HS, encompassing the age incidence of RA with 367 HS over 50 years, and showing a very low prevalence of abnormal findings. The few abnormalities observed were almost exclusively grade 1 in severity. Due to the large population assessed, we provide conclusive data validating and expanding on the findings of existing studies with few HS.16–18
TEF was more prevalent than TSH or TPD in HS. Although MRI studies have suggested TEF to be almost ubiquitous in DF tendons in HS,19 we have shown that ultrasound detects smaller numbers: less than 2% of DF tendons even in the older age group. Visualisation of tendons in two dimensions is the most likely cause of this difference. Tenosynovial abnormalities on ultrasound were significantly more prevalent in early RA compared with matched HS.
By explicitly selecting only subjects with minimal joint pain and without overt osteoarthritis, and by using a non-random recruitment strategy to ensure inclusion of an older cohort, HS in this study may have fewer tendon changes than an unselected general population of 60–80 year olds. However, it was not our purpose to document the presence of tendon abnormalities in unselected primary or secondary care early arthritis clinics or in osteoarthritis, but to assess if HS with no symptoms may have ultrasound inflammatory abnormalities. The lack of a formal reliability study which would have been logistically difficult in such a large study, and the consecutive, not blinded recruitment may be seen as potential limitations. We mitigated these by designing a blinded central regrading strategy of the first HS scan performed by each centre.20
The very low prevalence of TSH and TPD across a large age range in HS suggests that these findings can be seen as potentially pathological, and not simply the consequence of ageing, by health professionals performing ultrasound in early arthritis or disease management clinics. The interpretation of such findings should depend on the clinical context. In addition, DF and ECU tendons can be easily examined during routine ultrasound examination and so could be included in abbreviated scanning protocols.
Supplemental material
Data availability statement
All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplemental information. Anonymised data are available on request from the authors.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Ethics approval
Ethical approval was obtained as appropriate in all participating centres according to each country's regulations, and written informed participant consent was obtained where necessary.
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
Handling editor Josef S Smolen
Twitter @PhilippeCarron, @A_Filer
JT and IS contributed equally.
M-AD and AF contributed equally.
Contributors JT and IS were equal contributors. MA-D and AF were equal contributors.
Funding The authors acknowledge the support of the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) National Office for Clinical Research Infrastructure Translational Research Collaboration for Joint and Related Inflammatory Diseases and the support of their affiliated NIHR Biomedical Research Centres. We also acknowledge funding from the Versus Arthritis UK RACE collaboration between Glasgow, Birmingham and Newcastle Universities received by AF, and the Arthritis Therapy Acceleration Programme funded by the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology.
Competing interests There are no declared competing interests from authors except the following: CC declared grants from NIHR Versus Arthritis, Lilly sponsored EULAR conference travel, Modern Biosciences payment as DSM committee member, Roche consultancy fee and Novartis sponsored writing of one medical paper. KI declared a Mitsubishi-Tanabe research grant for RA; Abbvie, Eli Lilly, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, Bristol-Myers-Squib and Novartis speaker’s fees; and participation on a DSM board for Abbvie, Eli Lilly and Mitsubishi-Tanabe. RK declared support from Abbvie, Roche, Novartis and UCB with payments for travel to meetings/lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing/educational events.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.