Footnotes

• Handling editor Josef S Smolen

• Contributors MAF and KW substantially contributed to the conception or design of the work. MAF acquired the data and drafted the work, and both authors revised it critically for important intellectual content. Both authors approve the final version of this manuscript. Both authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

• Funding MAF is funded by NIH/NCATS KL2TR002370 and the OHSU WheelsUp program. KLW is funded by research grants from BMS and Pfizer.

• Competing interests KLW receives consulting fees from Pfizer, AbbVie, Union Chimique Belge (UCB), Eli Lilly & Company, Galapagos, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Roche, Gilead, BMS, Regeneron, Sanofi, AstraZeneca and Novartis.

• Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.