Footnotes

• DLS and JJP are joint senior authors.

• Handling editor Josef S Smolen

• Twitter @CaoilfhionnMD

• TP-YC and CMC contributed equally.

• Contributors Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work, or the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data for the work: CMC, TP-YC, BJB, JLA, AM, WAW, JG-W, DLS and JJP. Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content, final approval of the version to be published and agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved: CMC, TP-YC, JAR, BJB, JLA, AM, LC-S, WAW, JG-W, DLS and JJP.

• Funding his research was made possible with generous support of the Ben-Dov family.This work was supported by the grant numbers F32DK124941 (BJB), K01DK101677 (AM) and K23DK115908 (JG-W) from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, K24AI144954 (DLS) from National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, K23AR073927 (JJP) from National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. The analyses described here are the responsibility of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products or organisations imply endorsement by the US Government.

• Competing interests DLS has the following financial disclosures: consulting and speaking honoraria from Sanofi, Novartis, CSL Behring, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Veloxis, Mallincrodt and Thermo Fisher Scientific. LC-S has the following financial disclosures: consultant fees from Janssen, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Mallinckrodt, EMD-Serono, Allogene and ArgenX. The other authors of this manuscript have no financial disclosures or conflicts of interest to disclose as described by the Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

• Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.