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Abstract
Objectives IKZF1 and IKZF3 (encoding transcription factors Ikaros and Aiolos) are susceptibility loci for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The pharmacology of iberdomide (CC-220), a cereblon (CRBN) modulator targeting Ikaros and Aiolos, was studied in SLE patient cells and in a phase 1 healthy volunteer study.
Methods CRBN, IKZF1 and IKZF3 gene expression was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with SLE and healthy volunteers. Ikaros and Aiolos protein levels were measured by Western blot and flow cytometry. Anti-dsDNA and anti-phospholipid autoantibodies were measured in SLE PBMC cultures treated for 7 days with iberdomide. Fifty-six healthy volunteers were randomised to a single dose of iberdomide (0.03–6 mg, n=6 across seven cohorts) or placebo (n=2/cohort). CD19+ B cells, CD3+ T cells and intracellular Aiolos were measured by flow cytometry. Interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-1β production was stimulated with anti-CD3 and lipopolysaccharide, respectively, in an ex vivo whole blood assay.
Results SLE patient PBMCs expressed significantly higher CRBN (1.5-fold), IKZF1 (2.1-fold) and IKZF3 (4.1-fold) mRNA levels compared with healthy volunteers. Iberdomide significantly reduced Ikaros and Aiolos protein levels in B cells, T cells and monocytes. In SLE PBMC cultures, iberdomide inhibited anti-dsDNA and anti-phospholipid autoantibody production (IC50 ≈10 nM). Single doses of iberdomide (0.3–6 mg) in healthy volunteers decreased intracellular Aiolos (minimum mean per cent of baseline: ≈12%–28% (B cells); ≈0%–33% (T cells)), decreased absolute CD19+ B cells, increased IL-2 and decreased IL-1β production ex vivo.
Conclusions These findings demonstrate pharmacodynamic activity of iberdomide and support its further clinical development for the treatment of SLE.
Trial registration number NCT01733875; Results.
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- B cells
- autoantibodies
- autoimmunity
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Introduction
Ikaros and Aiolos, encoded by the IKZF1 and IKZF3 genes, respectively, are members of the Ikaros family of zinc finger transcription factors which regulate immune cell development and homeostasis.1 Polymorphisms in the IKZF1 and IKZF3 loci are associated with an increased risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).2–11 While the roles of Ikaros and Aiolos in the development of the autoimmune responses characteristic of SLE are still being studied, it is clear that Ikaros is widely expressed in haematopoietic precursors and involved in both lymphoid and myeloid cell development, with Ikaros knockout mice lacking B cells, and Ikaros dominant negative mice lacking T cells. Aiolos expression is more restricted, found in pre-B cells and mature peripheral B cells, and is required for the generation of long-lived, high-affinity plasma cells.1 Evidence suggests that Ikaros regulates key pathways such as the signal transducers and activators of transcription 4 and type 1 interferon (IFN), including the development of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, which are important producers of IFN-α.11 Notably, the IKZF1 polymorphism rs4917014 has been identified as an expression quantitative trait locus, causing the upregulation of type 1 IFN genes and the downregulation of complement genes, both of which are hallmarks of SLE pathophysiology.12 While the IKZF1 variant rs4917014*T strongly increases the 3′-UTR expression levels of IKZF1, as measured by RNA sequencing,12 the effects of the IKZF3 variants have not been clearly defined. Nonetheless, there is a compelling genetic association between these transcription factors and the immune dysfunction associated with lupus.2–6
Iberdomide (CC-220) is an orally available immunomodulatory compound under development for the treatment of SLE and relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. This compound has been identified as a novel high-affinity ligand of cereblon (CRBN), part of the cullin-ring finger ligase-4 cereblon (CRL4CRBN) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that includes cullin 4A (CUL4A), DNA damage-binding protein 1 (DDB1) and regulator of cullin 1 (ROC1).13 14 Earlier studies identified cereblon as a molecular-binding target of thalidomide, lenalidomide and pomalidomide; binding of these drugs to cereblon modulates the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of the complex, resulting in the recruitment of the zinc finger transcription factors Ikaros and Aiolos to the complex, increasing their polyubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation.14–16 The degradation of Ikaros and Aiolos is necessary and sufficient for inhibition of the proliferation of myeloma tumour cells, as well as for the immunomodulatory effects such as increased interleukin (IL)-2 expression by T cells.17–20 Knockdown of either IKZF1 or IKZF3 with shRNA in myeloma tumour cell lines markedly downregulates IRF4 expression and decreases cellular fitness.18
In previous biochemical and structural studies, it was demonstrated that CC-220 binds to cereblon with a higher affinity than lenalidomide or pomalidomide.13 This results in CC-220 having a more potent and deeper degradation of the cereblon substrates Ikaros and Aiolos. The crystal structure of CC-220 in complex with cereblon and DDB1 reveals that the increase in potency correlates with increased contacts with cereblon away from the modelled binding site for Ikaros/Aiolos.13 Thus, the structure of CC-220 enables greater Ikaros and Aiolos degradation via tighter binding to the cereblon E3 ligase complex, enabling the use of lower doses, thereby reducing the potential for off-target effects.
In the current set of preclinical studies assessing the immunomodulatory effects of iberdomide, we explored the expression of CRBN, IKZF1 and IKZF3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with SLE compared with healthy volunteers, as well as the effect of iberdomide on Ikaros and Aiolos protein levels and SLE autoantibody production in vitro. In addition, we report the impact of iberdomide on immunological parameters in a phase 1, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, single-ascending dose study in healthy volunteers.
Methods
Gene expression studies
Viably frozen PBMCs from 11 patients with SLE and 10 healthy volunteers were obtained from Conversant Bio (Huntsville, Alabama, USA). Informed consent was collected in accordance with institutional review board approval, HIPAA compliance, FDA Good Clinical Practice and all regulatory requirements (see online supplementary methods for details).
Supplementary file 2
Determining Ikaros and Aiolos protein levels in human whole blood by flow cytometry
Human heparinised whole blood from normal healthy volunteers (Bioreclamation, Westbury, New York, USA) was treated with 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and iberdomide 1, 10 or 100 nM for 18 hours at 37°C, 5% CO2. After 18 hours, the blood was lysed and fixed for flow cytometric analysis (see online supplementary methods for details).
Iberdomide effect on Ikaros and Aiolos protein levels during CD19+ B cell culture
PBMCs were generated from human buffy coats and CD19+ B cells were isolated from PBMC using the EasySep Human B Cell Enrichment Cocktail protocol (STEMCELL Technologies, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada). The human primary B cell differentiation protocol was adapted from previously described methods.21 22 See online supplementary methods for details.
Iberdomide effect on SLE autoantibody production in vitro
PBMCs were purified from heparinised whole blood from donors with SLE, treated with a B cell differentiation cocktail, as described above, and incubated with increasing concentrations of iberdomide or DMSO (0.001% final concentration of DMSO) (see online supplementary methods for details).
Phase 1 clinical trial in healthy volunteers
In the phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-ascending dose study, 56 healthy volunteers were randomised and enrolled in seven cohorts, with six subjects per cohort receiving a single oral dose of iberdomide 0.03–6 mg and two subjects per cohort receiving placebo. This study was conducted in Covance Clinical Research Unit (Madison, WI, USA). Approximately 4 mL of blood for lymphocyte phenotyping was collected on days −1, 1 (predose), 2 (24 hours postdose) and 3 (48 hours postdose) and at the follow-up visit (day 5). Blood was also collected predose and at 3, 12 and 24 hours postdose for ex vivo cytokine production assessment and transcription factor quantification. For cohorts administered the 4 and 6 mg doses of iberdomide, additional blood samples were taken on days 5 and 7, and at the follow-up visit (day 9). CD19+ B cells, CD3+ T cells and intracellular Aiolos were measured by flow cytometry. IL-2 and IL-1β production was stimulated with anti-CD3 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively, in the TruCulture ex vivo whole blood assay system (Myriad RBM, Austin, Texas). Results were reported as per cent of baseline at each time point. The SAS Enterprise Guide V.4.1 software was used for data analysis (SAS Institute). All statistical tests were conducted with a two-sided significance level of 0.05. For parameters before and after iberdomide treatment, a Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare raw values and per cent of baseline at each postbaseline time point with baseline values.
Results
Compared with PBMC from normal donors, PBMCs from patients with SLE expressed significantly higher levels of mRNA for CRBN (1.5-fold), IKZF1 (2.1-fold) and IKZF3) (4.1-fold) (figure 1A–C). Treatment of whole blood from healthy donors with increasing concentrations of iberdomide 1–100 nM significantly reduced Ikaros and Aiolos protein levels in B cells, T cells and monocytes, but not granulocytes (figure 2A–D and figure 3A–C). Reductions in Ikaros and Aiolos protein levels were significant versus control at the 1 nM concentration of iberdomide in B cells, T cells and monocytes (figure 2A–C and online supplementary figures S1 and S2); the IC50 for Aiolos was <1 nM in B cells and T cells, and the IC50 for Ikaros was 1.8 nM in B cells and 1 nM in T cells.
Overexpression of mRNA for cereblon (CRBN), Ikaros (IKZF1) and Aiolos (IKZF3) mRNA in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Shown are relative mRNA levels of (A) CRBN, (B) IKZF1 and (C) IKZF3 in the PBMCs of normal donors (n=10) and of patients with SLE (n=11). The p values were generated using an unpaired t-test.
Iberdomide (CC-220) reduces Ikaros and Aiolos protein levels in whole blood leucocyte subsets: (A) CD19+ B cells, (B) CD14+ monocytes, (C) CD3+ T cells and (D) granulocytes. Whole blood from healthy donors was treated with CC-220 for 18 hours, lysed, fixed, permeabilised, stained with antibodies and analysed by flow cytometry. *P≤0.05; §P≤0.01; ‡P≤0.001 versus dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control (n=3), by one-way analysis of variance/Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. For representative flow cytometric data, see online supplementary figures S1 and S2. IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration; MFI, mean fluorescence intensity.
Effect of B cell stimulation and iberdomide (CC-220) on Ikaros and Aiolos protein levels over time. (A) CD19+ B cells were isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of normal donors and stimulated in the presence of CC-220 or a Syk inhibitor. (B, C) Ikaros and Aiolos were measured by Western blot analysis. Representative blots are shown; graphs represent the mean and SE of the mean (n=3).
To address the specificity of the iberdomide-induced cereblon substrate degradation, other proteins with homology to Ikaros and Aiolos were measured in B cells and T cells using microcapillary electrophoresis western blotting. Treatment of B cells with iberdomide (10 nM for 24 hours) resulted in a significant decrease in the protein levels of Ikaros (66 kDa isoform) and Aiolos (58 kDa isoform), but not the other Ikaros family zinc finger factors Helios (IKZF2) or Pegasus (IKZF5) (see online supplementary figure S3). Expression of Eos (IKZF4) was not detected in B cells. Similarly, treatment of T cells with iberdomide (10 nM for 24 hours) resulted in a significant decrease in the protein levels of Ikaros (58 and 66 kDa isoforms) and Aiolos (58 and 80 kDa isoforms), but not Helios, Eos or Pegasus. Another zinc finger protein with sequence homology to Ikaros and Aiolos, Zinc Finger Protein 91 (ZFP91), was significantly reduced by iberdomide (10 nM for 24 hours) in B cells (see online supplementary figure S3).
Supplementary file 5
In stimulated B cells, Ikaros and Aiolos protein levels were reduced by iberdomide treatment as early as 0.25 hour after treatment initiation (figure 3A). Compared with protein expression levels at time zero (cell culture initiation), Ikaros and Aiolos protein levels rose noticeably after 24–96 hours in the culture as a result of B cell activation. Under these B cell-activating conditions, iberdomide suppressed the Ikaros and Aiolos protein expression in a concentration-dependent manner (figure 3B,C).
In cultures of PBMCs from patients with SLE (n=10), iberdomide inhibited anti-dsDNA and anti-phospholipid IgM autoantibody production with an IC50 of approximately 10 nM in each case (figure 4A,B). Greater than 50% inhibition of anti-dsDNA and anti-phospholipid autoantibody production was observed in most donors at the 100 nM concentration of iberdomide, and at least 40%–50% inhibition at the 10 nM concentration in five of the 10 donors (see online supplementary table S1).
Supplementary file 1
Iberdomide (CC-220) inhibits (A) anti-dsDNA and (B) anti-phospholipid IgM (systemic lupus erythematosus) autoantibody production in vitro. In cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, CC-220 inhibited production of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies (n=9) and anti-phospholipid autoantibodies (n=8) with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of approximately 10 nM.
The pharmacodynamics of iberdomide were studied in a single-ascending dose phase 1 trial in healthy volunteers. In these subjects, a treatment-related decrease from baseline in intracellular Aiolos levels was observed following administration of iberdomide at 0.3–6 mg doses, with a mean per cent of baseline of 24.8% in B cells and 0% in T cells at 24 hours after administration of the 0.3 mg dose (figure 5A,B). In B cells at 12 hours postdose, Aiolos levels were 28.2% of baseline in the iberdomide 1 mg group and 25.0% of baseline in the iberdomide 2 mg group. In B cells at 24 hours postdose, Aiolos levels were 11.5% of baseline in the iberdomide 4 mg group and 27.7% of baseline in the iberdomide 6 mg group (data not shown). In T cells at 12 hours postdose, Aiolos levels were 22.3% of baseline in the iberdomide 1 mg group and 26.1% of baseline in the iberdomide 2 mg group. In T cells at 24 hours postdose, Aiolos levels were 13.8% of baseline in the iberdomide 4 mg group and 33.1% of baseline in the iberdomide 6 mg group (data not shown). In B cells and T cells, the mean per cent of baseline values compared with baseline was statistically significant at 3 hours postdose for the iberdomide 2 mg group, at 12 hours postdose for the iberdomide 0.3 mg group and at 24 hours postdose for the iberdomide 0.3 and 2 mg groups (all p<0.05).
Effect of a single dose of iberdomide (CC-220) on Aiolos expression in (A) CD19+ B cells and (B) CD3+ T cells, and effect on (C) peripheral blood CD19+ B cell counts and (D) CD3+ T cell counts in healthy volunteers. Subjects were randomised to single doses of placebo (0) or CC-220 0.03 mg (cohort A), 0.1 mg (cohort B), 0.3 mg (cohort C), 1 mg (cohort D) or 2 mg (cohort E). Aiolos expression was measured as per cent of baseline at 3, 12 and 24 hours postdose. Peripheral blood B cell and T cell counts were measured as per cent of baseline at day 2, day 3 and day 5 postdose. n=6 per CC-220 treatment group, n=14 for pooled placebo groups. *Data not available. (Due to inclement weather at the clinical site during the dosing of the 0.1 mg cohort, some flow cytometric samples were not received for analysis within the stability window.) MEFL, molecules equivalent fluorescence.
An iberdomide treatment-related decrease was noted in absolute CD19+ B cell counts, and a more modest effect on CD3+ T cell counts in healthy volunteers for doses between 0.3 and 6 mg, with minimum mean per cent of baseline values of 73.5% for B cells on day 3, and 84.1% for T cells on day 2 after administration of the 0.3 mg dose (figure 5C,D). For absolute CD19+ B cell counts, the effect of iberdomide appeared to be dose related: the mean per cent of baseline values was 67.3% on day 2 in the iberdomide 1 mg group (p<0.05) and 51.3% on day 3 in the iberdomide 2 mg group (p<0.05); on day 3, the mean per cent of baseline values was 53.3% in the iberdomide 4 mg group and 40.8% in the iberdomide 6 mg group (p<0.05). For absolute CD3+ T cell counts, the mean per cent of baseline was 79.4% on day 2 in the iberdomide 1 mg group (not significant), and 73.8% on day 5 in the iberdomide 2 mg group (p<0.05); on day 3, the mean per cent of baseline was 74.0% in the iberdomide 4 mg group and 65.7% in the iberdomide 6 mg group (both p<0.05).
Furthermore, iberdomide administration resulted in increased IL-2 production and decreased IL-1β production in whole blood ex vivo (figure 6A,B). For anti-CD3-stimulated IL-2 production, the mean per cent of baseline was 315%, 973% and 915% at 12 hours after administration of the iberdomide 0.3, 1 and 2 mg doses (all not significant), respectively (figure 6A), and 779% and 1896% at 24 hours for the iberdomide 4 and 6 mg groups, respectively (both not significant). Following anti-CD3 stimulation, there was also increased production of IFN-γ from 1 to 6 mg iberdomide, with a maximum mean per cent of baseline of approximately 304% for IFN-γ after administration of 1 mg iberdomide. There was also increased production of the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor at the highest dose levels (4 and 6 mg). For LPS-stimulated IL-1β production, the mean per cent of baseline was 49.5% (p<0.05), 21.8% (not significant) and 16.3% (p<0.05) at 12 hours after administration of the iberdomide 0.3, 1 and 2 mg doses, respectively (figure 6B), and 24.1% (p<0.05) and 10.7% (not significant) at 24 hours for the iberdomide 4 and 6 mg doses, respectively. Following LPS stimulation, other proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were also inhibited in a generally dose-related manner across the 0.3–6 mg iberdomide dose range. The minimum pharmacologically active dose, 0.3 mg iberdomide, had minimum mean per cent of baseline values of approximately 40%, 43% and 44% for IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α, respectively.
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A single dose of iberdomide (CC-220) increased interleukin (IL)-2 production in (A) anti-CD3-stimulated whole blood and (B) decreases IL-1β production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated whole blood ex vivo in healthy volunteers. Subjects were randomised to single doses of placebo (0) or CC-220 0.03 mg (cohort A), 0.1 mg (cohort B), 0.3 mg (cohort C), 1 mg (cohort D) or 2 mg (cohort E). IL-2 (pg/mL) and IL-1β production by ex vivo anti-CD3 or LPS-stimulated whole blood, respectively, was measured as per cent of baseline at 3, 12 and 24 hours postdose. n=6 per CC-220 treatment group, n=10 for pooled placebo groups. *Data not available.
In this single-ascending dose study in healthy volunteers, there were no serious adverse events or severe treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) reported, and no subjects withdrew from the study due to a TEAE. All TEAEs were mild in severity with the exception of one case of moderate urticaria in the 4 mg dose group. There were no clinically significant or apparent drug or dose-related trend changes or findings noted in clinical laboratory evaluations, vital sign measurements, physical examinations or neurological examinations for this study. Overall, there were no remarkable clinical safety findings during the study. Iberdomide was well tolerated when administered as single oral doses up to 6 mg in this group of healthy subjects.
Discussion
Iberdomide (CC-220) is a novel oral immunomodulatory compound that targets cereblon, part of the CRL4CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. We and others have shown that binding of thalidomide and its analogues to cereblon results in recruitment and increased degradation of the transcription factors Ikaros and Aiolos. Furthermore, genetic studies have associated polymorphisms in the genes encoding Ikaros (IKZF1) and Aiolos (IKZF3) with the risk of developing SLE, and these transcription factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The first set of in vitro experiments reported here was conducted to assess expression levels of these genes of interest in patients with SLE, and indeed confirmed that CRBN, IKZF1 and IKZF3 mRNA are overexpressed in the PBMCs of patients with SLE relative to healthy controls.
Further in vitro experiments were conducted to more clearly define the immunomodulatory effects of iberdomide. These experiments demonstrated that the addition of iberdomide at concentrations as low as 1 nM resulted in a potent reduction in Ikaros and Aiolos protein levels in B cells, T cells and monocytes from healthy donors. The other Ikaros family zinc finger transcription factors, namely Helios, Eos and Pegasus, were not significantly reduced by treatment of B cells or T cells with iberdomide, illustrating that there is selectivity for cereblon substrates even within this group of related proteins. However, another zinc finger protein with sequence homology to Ikaros and Aiolos, ZFP91, was also degraded in iberdomide-treated B cells, demonstrating that the effects of iberdomide on other cereblon substrates cannot be ruled out.
The reduction in Ikaros and Aiolos in B cells was associated with inhibition of anti-dsDNA and anti-phospholipid IgM autoantibody production in the PBMCs of patients with SLE with an IC50 of approximately 10 nM. This inhibitory effect on immunoglobulin production is not specific to autoantibodies, since iberdomide inhibited B cell differentiation to plasmablast differentiation, and production of IgG and IgM, to a similar extent whether the B cells were isolated from patients with SLE or from healthy donors.23
Iberdomide effects on the immune system were also confirmed in pharmacodynamic results from a phase 1, placebo-controlled, single-ascending dose study in healthy volunteers. In this study, administration of single doses of iberdomide 0.3–6 mg reduced intracellular Aiolos protein expression in B cells and T cells, and reduced absolute B cell counts, and to a lesser degree T cell counts in the peripheral blood. Iberdomide administration also increased T cell-derived IL-2 production and decreased LPS-induced IL-1β production in whole blood ex vivo. The pharmacologic effects of iberdomide are therefore at least tripartite in nature: (1) reduction of absolute B cell counts; (2) augmentation of IL-2 production by T cells; and (3) inhibition of IL-1β production in response to a proinflammatory stimulus. This constellation of effects provides a unique opportunity for the treatment of autoimmune conditions such as SLE, which are characterised by autoantibody production, deficiencies in regulatory T cells and a proinflammatory cytokine milieu.
Taken together, these findings support the further development of iberdomide for the treatment of SLE and other autoimmune diseases. A pilot, phase 2a, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of iberdomide is ongoing (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02185040)24 to evaluate its effectiveness in patients with active SLE.
Supplementary file 3
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Supplementary file 4
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Acknowledgments
The authors received editorial support in the preparation of this report from Peloton Advantage, funded by Celgene. The authors, however, directed and are fully responsible for all content and editorial decisions for this manuscript. During manuscript review, iberdomide was adopted as the recommended International Nonproprietary Name (INN) for CC-220. For future clarity, inclusion of the INN name was therefore made throughout the manuscript.
References
Footnotes
Handling editor Josef S Smolen
Contributors PHS, YY, LW, JK, GR, MT, MP and RC conceptualised and designed the study. LW and JK conducted the preclinical experiments. PHS, YY, MT, MP and RC planned and conducted the clinical trial. All authors were integral in the interpretation of the results. ZY and LL performed the programming and statistical analysis of the clinical data. PHS, YY, LW, JK and GR prepared the data and the first draft of the manuscript. All authors were involved in critical review of the data as well as drafting and revising the manuscript, and all have approved the final version of the paper to be published.
Funding This study was sponsored by Celgene, Summit, New Jersey, USA.
Competing interests The authors either are, or have been, employees and shareholders of Celgene.
Patient consent Not required.
Ethics approval Schulman Associates IRB
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Presented at This manuscript is based on work previously presented and published as a conference abstract at (a) The American College of Rheumatology Annual Scientific Meeting, San Diego, USA, 26-30 October 2013, and (b) The European League Against Rheumatism Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, Rome, Italy, 10-13 June 2015.