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Clinical and epidemiological research
Extended report
Tumour necrosis factor antagonist use and associated risk reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with rheumatoid arthritis
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  1. Jeffrey D Greenberg1,
  2. Joel M Kremer2,
  3. Jeffrey R Curtis3,
  4. Marc C Hochberg4,
  5. George Reed5,
  6. Peter Tsao6,
  7. Michael E Farkouh7,
  8. Adeel Nasir1,
  9. Soko Setoguchi8,
  10. Daniel H Solomon8
  11. on behalf of the CORRONA Investigators
  1. 1Department of Rheumatology, New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, USA
  2. 2Division of Rheumatology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
  3. 3Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  4. 4Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
  5. 5Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
  6. 6Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
  7. 7Clinical Trials Unit, Mount Sinai Heart, New York, New York, USA
  8. 8Division of Pharmacoepidemiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
  1. Correspondence to Dr Jeffrey D Greenberg, Department of Rheumatology, New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, 301 East 17th Street, Suite 1410, New York, NY 10003, USA; jeffrey.greenberg{at}nyumc.org

Abstract

Objective To examine the association of cardiovascular events with tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α antagonist use compared with non-biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) utilisation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods The study population included 10 156 patients enrolled in the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America RA registry. Three study cohorts were defined based on three mutually exclusive drug use categories, including TNF antagonists, methotrexate and other non-biological DMARDs. HR were calculated adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, RA disease characteristics and prednisone use. The primary study outcome was a composite of non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke and cardiovascular-related death.

Results There were 88 cardiovascular events, including 26 MI, 45 TIA/strokes and 17 cardiovascular-related deaths. After adjusting for age, gender, cardiovascular risk factors and RA disease characteristics, patients using a TNF antagonist experienced a reduced risk of the primary composite cardiovascular endpoint (HR 0.39, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.82) compared with users of non-biological DMARDs. Methotrexate was not associated with a reduced risk (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.80). Prednisone use was associated with a dose-dependent increased risk (p=0.04). The risk reduction associated with TNF antagonists was also observed for non-fatal cardiovascular events (HR 0.35, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.74).

Conclusion TNF antagonist use was associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular events in patients with RA.

https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2010.129916

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    Epidemiological studies have established that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with an increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease including myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiovascular-related mortality.1,–,5 This heightened risk is not completely attributable to traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and there is growing evidence that inflammatory mediators contribute to the risk.6,–,8 Moreover, recent studies indicate that inflammation plays a key role in atherosclerosis among patients without an underlying inflammatory disease.9,–,11

    Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α antagonists have been a major advance in the treatment of RA, with randomised controlled trials demonstrating significant reductions in pain and improvement in function.12 ,13 TNF antagonists reduce levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in synovial tissue and in the systemic circulation.14 In addition to reducing C-reactive protein in patients with RA, TNF antagonists modify established cardiovascular risk factors, including insulin resistance and lipid metabolism.15,–,17 However, trials of TNF antagonists have not been designed to study cardiovascular endpoints and have insufficient power to detect modest benefits in relatively uncommon outcomes, such as MI.

    Whereas short-term assessments of the effect of TNF antagonists on surrogate markers of cardiovascular risk have demonstrated beneficial effects,18,–,20 published studies examining the association of TNF antagonists with the risk of cardiovascular events have predominantly failed to demonstrate a reduced risk.5 ,21,–,23 Investigators from the UK concluded that TNF antagonists do not reduce the risk of MI overall, but may reduce the risk in the subset of patients achieving a clinical response.21 However, promising results for improving cardiovascular outcomes with TNF antagonist use have been reported by two European studies.24 ,25

    The objective of the present study was to investigate the incidence of cardiovascular events among RA patients treated with TNF antagonists, methotrexate, other non-biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and prednisone in a large US-based cohort. We utilised data from the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America (CORRONA) registry.

    Methods

    Study design

    We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of RA patients enrolled in the CORRONA registry. Details of the CORRONA registry have been published previously.26 ,27 Both participating rheumatologists and patients complete detailed clinical assessment forms at enrolment and follow-up study visits, which are completed at the time of a routine clinical encounter. Drug utilisation data are captured at each visit for both non-biological and biological DMARDs, as well as established physician and patient-derived RA disease activity outcomes, such as individual components of the American College of Rheumatology response criteria.28 Comorbidities, including cardiovascular risk factors and incident adverse events are also recorded by the treating rheumatologist. Follow-up assessments are performed during routine clinic visits approximately every 3 months, at which time interim events and medication changes are recorded. The study was approved by the institutional review boards of participating academic sites and a central institutional review board for community-based private sites and all patients sign informed consent before participation.

    Study population

    The study population included patients enrolled in the CORRONA registry from 1 October 2001 until 31 December 2006 who were diagnosed with RA by their treating rheumatologist and had a minimum of two study visits. The CORRONA registry includes a network of 268 participating academic and community rheumatologists at 103 sites in 35 states within the USA. CORRONA is a disease-based registry. Access to and use of biological DMARDs in the USA varies depending on patient insurance and study period. In our study, TNF antagonists were prescribed to 43% of the study population. All patients with a diagnosis of RA or psoriatic arthritis treated by participating rheumatologists are eligible. At enrolment, current drug utilisation is captured, and new drug starts are captured whenever prescribed during follow-up. Patients with a diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis were excluded from this study. Patients with a previous history of cardiovascular disease, as well as patients with no previous cardiovascular history, were included in the study. A flow chart of eligible and selected patients for this study can be found in figure 1.

    Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Study population flowchart. RA, rheumatoid arthritis.

    Endpoints

    The primary outcome for this study was a composite cardiovascular endpoint of incident non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and cardiovascular-related death. Secondary outcomes included non-fatal MI and stroke/TIA evaluated as a composite of non-fatal cardiovascular events, as well as individual outcomes. Incident cardiovascular events were defined as physician-reported cardiovascular events ascertained at a study visit that were subsequently confirmed by the reporting investigator site. Deaths were reported by the investigator site as part of the study protocol, and the cardiovascular-related attribution of the death was determined by the treating rheumatologist.

    After confirmation of the reported events by the treating rheumatologist, the validity of the physician-confirmed cardiovascular events was determined by a three-person adjudication committee consisting of two board-certified cardiologists and an internal medicine specialist. For this adjudication, we requested hospital records for all cardiovascular events reported during the study period. The adjudication committee reviewed all cases of MI, stroke, TIA and cardiovascular-related deaths reported by participating rheumatologists for which hospital records or source documents were available. All events were classified into one of four possible categories: definite, probable, possible and unlikely cardiovascular events. Events adjudicated as definite or probable were considered as true events for the purposes of validation. Case definition criteria for MI and TIA/stroke were applied by the adjudication committee as previously defined and implemented in a multicentred clinical trial with cardiovascular adjudication.29

    Hospital records including discharge summaries were obtained on the majority (42/71, 59%) of the confirmed non-fatal cardiovascular events. For the 42 adjudicated cardiovascular events, 14 (33%) events were adjudicated as definite, 26 (62%) as probable, one (2%) as possible and one (2%) as unlikely. Definite and possible events were categorised as true events, with a positive predictive value of 95% for cardiovascular events. The positive predictive value for MI was 94% and 96% for stroke/TIA. Death certificates were not collected as part of the study protocol, and thus case validation was limited to non-fatal cardiovascular events.

    RA treatment exposure

    Individual DMARD utilisation data, including both non-biological and biological agents, were collected prospectively using clinical assessment forms completed at each study visit. The index date for calculating drug exposure was the first recorded study visit at which the physician reported prescribing the drug, except for subjects with non-biological or biological DMARD use noted at baseline. Ongoing non-biological or biological DMARD use at baseline was included in the exposure assessment. A sensitivity analysis considered only new use of DMARDs. If the drug was started or stopped between study visits, the midpoint of the time interval was utilised. This assumption was varied in sensitivity analyses. When DMARD exposures changed during follow-up, these subsequent exposure periods were included. The same subject could thus contribute person time to more than one exposure category, each with a distinct index date.

    We categorised DMARD use into the following hierarchy of three mutually exclusive exposure categories: (1) TNF antagonist use (monotherapy or combination therapy with non-biological DMARDs including methotrexate); (2) methotrexate use (monotherapy or combination therapy with other non-biological DMARDs but not TNF antagonists); or (3) other non-biological DMARDs, excluding methotrexate and TNF antagonists. Individual patients could contribute person-years of exposure to different drug cohorts over time, but drug exposure for each study interval was assigned to one of the three categories. Other non-biological DMARDs excluding methotrexate were grouped together.

    Because prednisone was prescribed to patients across the three study cohorts, prednisone use was evaluated as a covariate at the index date and stratified into three dose categories: (1) non-use; (2) use of 1–7 mg daily; and (3) ≥7.5 mg daily. Person time reflecting utilisation of other biological agents including anakinra, abatacept and rituximab were excluded from the analysis.

    Other covariates

    The following covariates were evaluated for the statistical models: demographics (age, gender, race, body mass index, education), cardiovascular risk factors (physician-reported history of hypertension, diabetes, previous MI, stroke or coronary artery disease, treated dyslipidaemia, current tobacco use) and RA-specific factors (rheumatoid factor status, RA disease duration, presence of nodules, disease activity level and physical function defined by the modified health assessment questionnaire score).30 The disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28) utilising the physician-derived 28 tender and swollen joint counts, patient global assessment visual analogue scale score and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was calculated as previously defined.31 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) covariates included naproxen, other non-selective NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors. Aspirin was also included. All covariates were evaluated at the visit coinciding with the index date and were updated if subjects changed exposure category.

    Statistical analysis

    Characteristics of the three exposure cohorts were compared, allowing subjects to contribute person time to more than one cohort. Incidence rates were calculated for each DMARD exposure cohort. All patients were followed until one of the following occurred: end of the study period, withdrawal from the registry, a non-fatal cardiovascular outcome or death. Cox proportional hazard regression models were constructed to assess the RR associated with TNF antagonist use and methotrexate use compared with the non-biological DMARDs. Standard errors were corrected using a robust sandwich estimator to account for multiple observations from the same subject.

    The primary model examined the composite cardiovascular endpoint, and secondary models examined non-fatal events as a composite, as well as MI and TIA/stroke individually. All incident cases of MI, TIA/stroke and cardiovascular-related deaths occurring within 180 days of the last study visit were included in the primary model. Age, gender, cardiovascular risk factors, NSAID covariates, prednisone dose and DMARD exposure cohorts were included in all models. RA-related factors were considered for model inclusion based on a backward selection routine using a p value threshold to enter the model of 0.2. RA-related factors with a p value of less than 0.1 were included in all final models. Fully adjusted models were run for the composite endpoint (including cardiovascular-related deaths), non-fatal MI and TIA/stroke as a composite outcome and then MI and TIA/stroke as individual outcomes.

    A number of additional sensitivity analyses were conducted. First, we limited the analysis to patients with hospital records that were adjudicated to have definite or probable cardiovascular events. Second, we limited the analysis to new use periods for the DMARD exposures, rather than ongoing or prevalent periods. A third sensitivity analysis limited the cohort to rheumatoid factor-positive RA subjects. Fourth, we re-ran the primary model, forcing in baseline clinical disease activity index (CDAI) scores. We selected CDAI to minimise the number of patients that would be excluded due to missing ESR or C-reactive protein values. Fifth, we excluded patients with previous cardiovascular disease from the model. Sixth, we re-ran the model and broke out the TNF antagonist cohort into monotherapy versus combination therapy (concomitant non-biological DMARD use). Because precise dates were not available for the start and stop dates for some DMARD use periods and for some cardiovascular events, we varied these dates to test our assumptions. In addition, we varied the allowable period between the last visit with a reported drug exposure and a cardiovascular-related death; 180 days was chosen for the primary analysis, with shorter and longer periods allowed in sensitivity analyses. Additional sensitivities varying the drug exposure category for patients who switched categories during the study period were also performed. All analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.0.

    Results

    A total of 10 156 RA patients was followed for a median of 22.9 months. The study population was 75% female, mean (SD) age was 59 (13) years and 72% were rheumatoid factor positive. The median (IQR) interval between study visits was 4.0 (3.0–5.5 months). Baseline characteristics of the three cohorts are summarised in table 1.

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Baseline characteristics according to medication exposure period

    Among 11 438 patient exposure periods, there were 4684 exposure periods to TNF antagonists, 4969 exposure periods to methotrexate and 1785 exposure periods to other non-biological DMARDs. More than two-thirds of patients in each drug category did not switch categories, including 72% of anti-TNF users, 78% of methotrexate users and 68% of non-biological DMARD users. The majority of the exposure periods included no prednisone use (N=6689). There were 3141 DMARD exposure periods with the use of prednisone 1–7 mg daily and 1090 exposure periods with prednisone 7.5 mg or greater daily. The proportion of patients with previous anti-TNF exposure was 12.9% for anti-TNF users, 32.7% for methotrexate users and 20.9% for non-biological DMARD users. Postdiscontinuation exposure time in a different drug exposure category represented a minority of person time, including 5% of total person time for anti-TNF users, 18% for methotrexate users and 25% for non-biological DMARD users. The baseline characteristics of patients who did not exit compared with those who did exit the registry were reasonably similar, including the proportion of anti-TNF users (46% vs 51%). During the study period, there were 88 composite cardiovascular events, including 26 MI, 45 stroke/TIA and 17 cardiovascular-related deaths. Incidence rates per 1000 person-years for the composite and individual cardiovascular events for the three drug classes are shown in table 2. For the composite endpoint, the incidence rate was 7.51 (95% CI 3.95 to 11.07) for the reference group of non-biological DMARD users, 6.73 (95% CI 4.83 to 8.63) for methotrexate users and 2.93 (95% CI 1.74 to 4.13) for patients prescribed TNF antagonists.

    View this table:
    Table 2

    Incidence rates of cardiovascular events by medication exposure

    The results of the fully adjusted model for the composite cardiovascular endpoint demonstrated that TNF antagonists were associated with a reduced risk (HR 0.39, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.82) but not methotrexate (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.80), using the non-biological DMARDs as the reference cohort (see table 3). In the same model, prednisone use was associated with a dose-dependent risk of cardiovascular events. Compared with non-use of prednisone, prednisone dosages of 1–7 mg daily (HR 1.78, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.96) and dosages of 7.5 mg or greater daily (HR 2.62, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.96) were associated with progressively increasing risk (p value for trend 0.04). Results of the full model for all covariates can be found in supplementary table 1 (available online only).

    View this table:
    Table 3

    Adjusted risk of composite* cardiovascular events by DMARD and steroid exposure

    Results of fully adjusted models for the secondary cardiovascular endpoints are summarised in table 4.

    View this table:
    Table 4

    Comparison of results for association of TNF antagonists with individual and composite cardiovascular endpoints

    For non-fatal MI and TIA/stroke outcomes as a composite, the use of TNF antagonists was associated with reduced risk (HR 0.35, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.74). For the individual cardiovascular outcomes, the use of TNF antagonists was associated with a reduced MI risk (HR 0.24, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.95) and a trend towards a reduced risk of TIA/stroke (HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.09). Additional sensitivity analyses are summarised in table 5. The inclusion of baseline CDAI did not substantially alter the risk estimate, nor did limiting to new users or excluding patients with previous cardiovascular disease. The inclusion of baseline DAS28–ESR produced similar results. The risk estimates observed for all of the sensitivity models were consistent with the primary model, showing risk reduction associated with the use of TNF antagonists compared with non-biological DMARDs.

    View this table:
    Table 5

    Sensitivity analyses of risk of composite cardiovascular endpoint associated with TNF antagonist use

    Discussion

    Despite the published evidence of a heightened cardiovascular risk for RA patients, few studies have investigated therapeutic strategies to reduce this risk. In our study, we found that treatment with TNF antagonists, but not methotrexate, was associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular events compared with non-biological DMARDs. This risk reduction was observed for both MI and TIA/stroke as individual outcomes. Conversely, we observed a dose-dependent risk for patients prescribed prednisone. These data indicate that TNF antagonists may represent a therapeutic strategy to attenuate the heightened cardiovascular risk experienced by RA patients.

    The mechanism by which TNF antagonists may reduce cardiovascular risk in RA patients remains speculative, although the pleiotropic effects of TNFα on the cardiovascular system and inflammatory pathways have been well described.14 ,32,–,34 TNFα has been detected in the endothelium, smooth muscle cells and macrophages associated with coronary atherosclerotic plaques.32 In addition, it has been observed that TNFα can be upregulated in the myocardium in animal models after transient myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion.33 While the precise mechanism remains unclear, further evidence of the importance of TNFα in the prognosis after infarction has emerged from work by other investigators, demonstrating that plasma concentrations of TNFα and other cytokines may be independent predictors of cardiovascular events.10 ,35 Based on these studies and related work, it has been suggested that TNF antagonists may serve to stabilise atheromatous plaques and prevent rupture.11 ,34 An additional proposed mechanism for a beneficial effect of TNF antagonists has been suggested by studies demonstrating an improvement of flow-mediated vasodilation and endothelial function.18 ,36

    Published studies of the association of biological DMARDs with the risk of MI and/or stroke outcomes have predominantly not observed a risk reduction for patients prescribed TNF antagonists.5 ,21,–,23 The largest study to date examined the risk of MI associated with various RA therapies using a large US database reporting patient-derived drug exposure and outcomes.5 The authors of that study observed no risk reduction for users of TNF antagonists, with or without background methotrexate use. Two retrospective studies of healthcare utilisation data also failed to observe a risk reduction for biological agents.22 ,23 Of note, investigators from the UK found no overall difference in the risk of MI associated with TNF antagonist use compared with non-biological DMARDs.21 However, in that study, TNF antagonist users who demonstrated a robust clinical response appeared to have a reduced risk of MI compared with non-responders. Other promising data have been reported from a small Swedish study in which a non-significant reduction in the standardised morbidity ratio for cardiovascular-related hospitalisations was observed for patients on TNF antagonists. However, the hospitalisations included congestive heart failure and other non-ischaemic events, and did not adjust for traditional cardiovascular risk factors.24 In addition, fewer non-fatal ischaemic events and a non-significant reduction in cardiovascular-related deaths was also reported in TNF antagonist users in a Spanish registry.25

    The conflicting results of previously published studies relative to our findings may be explained by a number of factors. First, there are differences in the cardiovascular outcome definitions across studies. Second, the comparator cohorts differ across studies. For example, methotrexate monotherapy was selected as the comparator cohort in one large US-based study.22 However, methotrexate has previously been observed to reduce cardiovascular mortality, suggesting that the selection of methotrexate as the referent cohort may reduce a study's ability to detect a reduction in risk.37 In contrast, a Canadian study defined the reference group as RA patients not prescribed any DMARD.23 Additional sources of variability include whether the study design limits drug exposure to new (incident) users, as well as the duration of follow-up. Some studies utilised patient questionnaires or administrative datasets that may not adequately adjust for RA disease activity and severity.

    Our study confirms previous observations of a dose-dependent cardiovascular risk for prednisone use in RA patients.5 ,38 However, the threshold for observing an increased cardiovascular risk differs across the studies, as did the patient populations, study periods and endpoint definitions. Consistent with our study results, a US population-based RA study reported that prednisone doses greater than 7.5 mg daily were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, defined as MI, heart failure or cardiovascular-related death.38 Wolfe and Michaud5 focused on the risk of MI in a US cohort study of RA patients, and also observed a dose-dependent risk with prednisone, including a 70% increased risk for doses of 1–5 mg daily. In fact, the risk estimate of prednisone 1–7 mg daily in our study was very similar (HR 1.78, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.96). It is possible that residual confounding may exist, particularly for datasets in which steroid use may be a surrogate for RA disease severity.

    The strengths of our study include the large cohort of RA patients with detailed clinical and drug information derived from both physicians and patients at the time of a clinical encounter. The large cohort of patients treated with TNF antagonists, as well as methotrexate and non-biological DMARDs, allowed for large study and comparator cohorts for our models. In addition, the inclusion of both traditional cardiovascular risk factors and measures of RA severity and disease activity in the CORRONA registry permitted us to examine and adjust for a large number of relevant potential confounders. Finally, all of the incident cardiovascular events were confirmed with the rheumatology investigator site, and hospital records were obtained on the majority of cases. The results of the adjudicated cardiovascular events using hospital records strengthened our confidence in the validity of our study results, and sensitivity analyses limited to adjudicated cases were consistent with our primary findings.

    There are also a number of limitations that should be acknowledged. As is the case with all observational studies, residual confounding including confounding by indication is possible. Although we were able to examine a broad range of potential confounders including traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as the presence of diagnosed hypertension and treated hyperlipidaemia, as well as measures of RA severity, we do not have information about actual blood pressure or lipid measurements. Other types of study bias, including selection bias, also represent potential methodological challenges. In addition, we observed a small number of cardiovascular events, limiting our statistical power for secondary outcomes. An additional limitation was missing data for acute phase reactants that are not mandated in the registry. Finally, the study definition for drug exposures was based on current drug use, which may introduce bias from left censored data. However, sensitivity analyses including a new user design generated similar risk estimates, suggesting our study results are robust. Our study population was primarily Caucasian and derived from a US-based cohort of RA patients with a higher prevalence of TNF antagonist use than most European countries. These realities may limit the generalisability of our findings.

    In summary, the use of TNF antagonists for the treatment of RA was associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular events compared with non-biological DMARDs. We confirmed the association of a dose-dependent risk of corticosteroids. TNF antagonist drugs may represent a promising therapeutic strategy to attenuate the heightened cardiovascular risk associated with RA. Further population-based and/or interventional studies of cytokine blockade are needed to determine the role of inflammation in driving cardiovascular events in populations at risk.

    Acknowledgments

    The authors wish to thank Drs Simonette Sawit and Sameer Bansilal for their contributions as part of the cardiovascular adjudication committee with Dr Michael Farkouh.

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    Footnotes

    • See Editorial, p561

    • Funding The study design, data analysis and reporting of results in this manuscript were performed independent of all funding sources. This work was funded by an Arthritis Clinical Translational Research Award in Rheumatoid Arthritis from the Arthritis Foundation (JDG). In the past 2 years, CORRONA has received general support from Abbott, Amgen, BMS, Centocor, Genentech, Lilly and Roche. Amgen and Centocor had supported an earlier project that was presented as an abstract at the 2006 Annual Scientific Meeting of the American College of Rheumatology, 13 November 2006 in Washington, DC, USA.

    • Competing interests JDG receives salary support from research grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (K23AR054412), the Arthritis Foundation and Bristol Myers Squibb, he serves as chief scientific officer for CORRONA and has served on advisory boards for BMS, Centocor, Genentech, Roche and UCB. JRC receives salary support from NIH (AR053351) and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (R01HS018517) and research/consulting support from Genentech/Roche, Amgen, UCB, Centocor and BMS. DHS receives salary support from research grants from the NIH (AR055989 and AR047782), AHRQ, the Arthritis Foundation, Abbott and Amgen. GR has a research contract with CORRONA. Research support has been provided to JMK by Amgen, Abbott, Centocor, BMS, Roche and Genentech as well as honoraria from Abbott, Centocor, BMS, Roche and Genentech. MCH served as a consultant for Amgen, Bristol Meyers Squibb, Roche and UCB. PT, AN and MEF have declared no competing interests.

    • Patient consent Obtained.

    • Ethics approval This study was approved by the institutional review boards of participating academic sites and a central institutional review board for community-based private sites.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

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