Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by a hyperplastic synovial tissue, inflammatory infiltrates, and a progressive destruction of cartilage and bone. FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP) prevents the association of caspase 8 with FADD and thus exerts an antiapoptotic effect through inhibition of Fas-mediated apoptosis. We undertook this study to examine the expression of FLIP in RA, osteoarthritic (OA), and normal synovial tissues.
Methods: We investigated the expression of FLIP (long form) in 5 RA, 2 OA, and 2 normal synovial tissue samples. A 393-bp fragment was amplified from complementary DNA obtained from cultured RA synovial fibroblasts (RASF) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Using in situ hybridization, the expression of FLIP messenger RNA (mRNA) in paraffin-embedded synovial tissue sections was investigated semiquantitatively by analyzing the lining layer, the sublining, and sites of invasion. Immunohistochemistry with anti-CD68 antibodies was performed on serial tissue sections to further characterize the cell types expressing FLIP. In addition, quantitative expression of FLIP was measured by real-time PCR.
Results: RT-PCR revealed the expression of FLIP mRNA in all RA and OA samples tested. Using in situ hybridization in synovial tissue, FLIP was detected in all 5 RA samples and in 1 of 2 OA samples, but in neither of the 2 normal control samples. In RA, FLIP expression could be found in both the lining and sublining layers; most importantly, it could also be identified at sites of cartilage invasion and bone destruction. Moreover, quantitative PCR analysis showed 50% higher FLIP expression in RASF than in OASF.
Conclusion: The expression of antiapoptotic FLIP in RA synovial tissue and in synovial fibroblasts suggests the idea of a novel pathway in RA that potentially extends the lifespan of cartilage- and bone-degrading synovial cells, thus contributing to the progression of joint destruction.