Chest
Volume 61, Issue 3, March 1972, Pages 298-301
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Selected Reports
Rheumatic Pneumonitis

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A review of the pulmonary findings in 24 cases of acute rheumatic fever has confirmed the frequency of alveolar hemorrhage, fibrinous edema, interstitial inflammatory exudate, and complicating bacterial pneumonia. Organizing pneumonitis was identified in two-thirds of the specimens. Septal necrosis was present in over half the cases, and in four there were foci of arteriolitis, but both findings were usually associated with pneumona. In patients with severe involvement, the changes form a morphologic pattern characteristic of rheumatic pneumonitis. However, the lesions, either individually or in combination, may be found in a variety of disorders, and none of the pulmonary changes appeared to be specifically referable to acute rheumatic fever.

Section snippets

CASE MATERIAL

Autopsy was performed on 24 patients with acute rheumatic fever at Billings Hospital between 1949 and 1970; in each, the clinical summaries, description of organs, and relevant histologic material were reviewed. An average of four histologic sections from the lung were available. The diagnosis was based on clinical impressions, but in every case, it was confirmed by definite laboratory data and morphologic findings.

The patients ranged in age from 3 to 25 years (mean, 12 years). Ten were male,

OBSERVATIONS

At the time of autopsy, the lungs were typically described as red or plum-colored, heavy, and edematous. No infarcts were identified, and there were no other consistent gross findings.

Alveolar hemorrhage was present in nearly all sections, and in the majority of cases, red cells filled 25 to 50 percent of the airways. Capillary engorgement and pigmented alveolar macrophages (heart failure cells) were nearly constant findings.

Bronchopneumonia was seen in 14 of the 24 cases, and its histologic

COMMENT

The findings in the present study are in general agreement with those in the most recent large retrospective series reviewed by Scott et al7 and differ from the majority of previous descriptions because of the infrequent acute vascular changes.

Acute and organizing pneumonia was found in over half of the specimens, and two-thirds had evidence of an organizing fibrin-rich alveolar exudate similar to the pattern described by Heard et al8 in patients with chronic fibrinous pulmonary edema. The

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Supported by USPHS Training Grant GM0093-14

Supported by RCDA HE 19022

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