Main demographic, disease-related, lifestyle and socioeconomic characteristics of patients with axSpA
| Total | Depressive symptoms | P value | |||
| n=1736 | No n=724 (42%) | Mild n=479 (28%) | Moderate/severe n=533 (31%) | ||
| Sex, female | 46.3 | 41.0 | 50.6 | 49.7 | 0.0008 |
| Age, years | 55.8±0.1 | 57.4±0.4 | 54.1±0.5 | 55.1±0.4 | <0.0001 |
| Symptom duration | 25.2±0.3 | 26.6±0.5 | 23.9±0.6 | 24.3±0.6 | 0.0013 |
| Duration since diagnosis | 19.4±0.3 | 21.3±0.5 | 17.9±0.6 | 18±0.6 | <0.0001 |
| In rheumatological care | 46.1 | 39.5 | 47.2 | 54.0 | <0.0001 |
| HLA-B27 positive | 86.0 | 87.4 | 83.5 | 86.6 | 0.2816 |
| BASDAI, 0–10 | 4.5±0 | 3.3±0.1 | 4.8±0.1 | 5.8±0.1 | <0.0001 |
| BASFI, 0–10 | 4.1±0.1 | 2.9±0.1 | 4.2±0.1 | 5.6±0.1 | <0.0001 |
| IBD (claims data) | 5.5 | 4.9 | 3.9 | 7.8 | 0.0164 |
| IBD (ever, self-reported) | 8.8 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 13.9 | <0.0001 |
| Uveitis (claims data) | 13.7 | 14.4 | 14.9 | 11.8 | 0.2969 |
| Uveitis (ever, self-reported) | 27.3 | 28.7 | 28 | 24.9 | 0.3181 |
| Psoriasis (claims data) | 9.5 | 8.3 | 9.7 | 11.1 | 0.2789 |
| Psoriasis (ever, self-reported) | 15.1 | 12.1 | 16.8 | 17.7 | 0.0152 |
| Body mass index, kg/m² | 27±0.1 | 26.8±0.2 | 27±0.2 | 27.4±0.2 | 0.0872 |
| Lack of exercise | 24.4 | 19.0 | 25.3 | 30.8 | <0.0001 |
| Suffering from stress | 39.9 | 25.5 | 47.8 | 52.6 | <0.0001 |
| Full-time employment | 31.7 | 32.2 | 35.6 | 27.4 | 0.0187 |
| Household income, € | |||||
| <1500 | 25.9 | 20.1 | 26.7 | 33.1 | < 0.0001 |
| 1500–3200 | 56.0 | 55.0 | 58.3 | 55.2 | |
| >3200 | 18.1 | 24.9 | 15.0 | 11.7 | |
| Smoking, current | 18.9 | 14.8 | 20.0 | 23.4 | 0.0006 |
| Pharmacological treatment | |||||
| NSAIDs | 59.7 | 50.9 | 63.4 | 68.6 | <0.0001 |
| Non-opioid analgesics | 22.6 | 18.2 | 20.6 | 30.3 | <0.0001 |
| Opioids | 16 | 9.4 | 16.5 | 24.4 | <0.0001 |
| bDMARDs* | 17.1 | 15.5 | 19.1 | 17.5 | 0.2520 |
| csDMARDs† | 11.7 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 14.4 | 0.0818 |
| Glucocorticoids | 18.3 | 15.6 | 17.5 | 22.8 | 0.0046 |
| No pharmacological treatment | 22.1 | 30.3 | 21.2 | 11.8 | <0.0001 |
| Physiotherapy | 49.7 | 45.6 | 48.1 | 56.6 | 0.0006 |
Values are presented as mean±SE of the mean for continuous characteristics and as percentages otherwise. P values were assessed using analyses of variance for continuous characteristics and Rao-Scott χ2 tests otherwise.
P values <0.05 are shown in bold.
*bDMARDs: 17.0% tumour necrosis factor blocker, 0.07% secukinumab, 0.06% tocilizumab, 0.06% ustekinumab, 0.05% abatacept.
†csDMARDs: 5.7% sulfasalazine, 5.6% methotrexate, 0.9% leflunomide, 0.6% azathioprine, 0.2% ciclosporin.
AxSpA, axial spondyloarthritis; BASDAI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index; BASFI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index; bDMARDs, biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; csDMARDs, conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.