Association between periodontal diagnostic codes and smoking habits compared with never smokers in EIRA RA cases, in relation to ACPA status and gender*
| Smoking habits | ACPA-positive RA (n=1469) | ACPA-negative RA (n=852) | |||
| No with periodontitis (%)† | OR (95% CI)‡ | No with periodontitis (%)† | OR (95% CI)‡ | ||
| Total | |||||
| All | 773 (100) | 458 (100) | |||
| Women | 557 (100) | 331 (100) | |||
| Men | 216 (100) | 127 (100) | |||
| Never smokers | |||||
| All | 196 (25.4) | 1.0 (ref) | 155 (33.8) | 1.0 (ref) | |
| Women | 156 (28.0) | 1.0 (ref) | 115 (34.7) | 1.0 (ref) | |
| Men | 40 (18.5) | 1.0 (ref) | 40 (31.5) | 1.0 (ref) | |
| Ex-smokers | |||||
| All | 285 (36.9) | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.2)§ | 140 (30.6) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.3) | |
| Women | 200 (35.9) | 1.8 (1.4 to 2.4)§ | 88 (26.6) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.5) | |
| Men | 85 (39.4) | 1.8 (1.0 to 3.1)§ | 52 (40.9) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.3) | |
| Ever smokers | |||||
| All | 577 (74.6) | 1.6 (1.3 to 2.0)§ | 303 (66.2) | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.4) | |
| Women | 401 (72.0) | 1.6 (1.3 to 2.1)§ | 216 (65.3) | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.7) | |
| Men | 176 (81.5) | 1.9 (1.2 to 3.0)§ | 87 (68.5) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) | |
| Current smokers | |||||
| All | 232 (30.0) | 1.9 (1.5 to 2.5)§ | 111 (24.2) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.6) | |
| Women | 157 (28.2) | 1.8 (1.3 to 2.4)§ | 85 (25.7) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.0) | |
| Men | 75 (34.7) | 2.9 (1.6 to 5.3)§ | 26 (20.5) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.4) | |
*The periodontal diagnostic codes include periodontitis, peri-implantitis and increased risk for periodontitis/peri-implantitis.
†Number (%) of ACPA-positive or ACPA-negative RA cases with periodontal diagnostic codes.
‡ORs, with a 95% CI, were adjusted for age, gender, education and residential area.
§p Value <0.05 for association between periodontal diagnostic codes and smoking habits as compared with never smokers among ACPA-positive and ACPA-negative RA cases.
ACPA, anticitrullinated protein antibody; EIRA, Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; ref, reference group.