Association of the presence of ACLBP with the intake of each class of analgesic/pain relief drugs (separate multivariable models)
| Dependent variables* | Active CLBP (yes/no) | |
|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Anxiolytics, sedatives & hypnotics§ | 8.86 (6.08–12.90) | <0.001† |
| NSAIDs± | 8.56 (5.84–12.53) | <0.001† |
| Antidepressants§ | 12.56 (7.96–19.81) | <0.001† |
| Analgesics, Antipyretics¶ | 7.68 (3.38–17.48) | <0.001† |
| Anticonvulsants | 9.27 (4.16–20.69) | <0.001† |
| Analgesic Opioids | 8.13 (2.78–23.77) | <0.001† |
| Central Muscle Relaxants | 12.01 (5.88–24.51) | <0.001† |
*All the analyses were adjusted for: age, gender, geographic area, education level, number of self-reported comorbidities, and self-report of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. §Additionally adjusted for: anxiety and depressive symptoms; ¶Additionally adjusted for: heart disease and gastrointestinal diseases.