Factors associated with the development of new damage that is, transition from SDI 0 to ≥1 in a multivariate, multistate model
| Variable | Univariate model relative transition rate (95% CI) | Multivariate model relative transition rate (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Gender: Female | 1 | 1 |
| Male | 1.96 (1.42 to 2.71) | 1.48 (1.06 to 2.08) |
| Standardised age at diagnosis (years) | 1.21 (1.09 to 1.34) | 1.30 (1.12 to 1.52) |
| (Standardised age at diagnosis (years))2 | 1.14 (1.08 to 1.20) | 1.12 (1.03 to 1.23) |
| Ethnicity/location | ||
| Caucasian (Canada/Europe) | 1 | 1 |
| Caucasian (USA) | 1.47 (0.98 to 2.20) | 1.63 (1.08 to 2.47) |
| Hispanic (Mexico) | 1.44 (0.98 to 2.12) | 1.17 (0.75 to 1.82) |
| Hispanic (elsewhere) | 1.74 (0.88 to 3.44) | 1.71 (0.85 to 3.43) |
| African (USA) | 1.99 (1.33 to 2.96) | 1.58 (1.03 to 2.44) |
| African (elsewhere) | 1.47 (0.95 to 2.27) | 1.30 (0.83 to 2.03) |
| Asian | 0.66 (0.43 to 0.99) | 0.60 (0.39 to 0.93) |
| Other | 1.76 (0.98 to 3.14) | 1.51 (0.83 to 2.73) |
| Post-secondary education*: No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 0.76 (0.59 to 0.97) | 0.80 (0.61 to 1.04) |
| No. of ACR criteria fulfilled at enrolment | 1.19 (1.06 to 1.34) | 1.12 (0.99 to 1.27) |
| (SLEDAI-2K)/3 | 1.25 (1.15 to 1.35) | 1.17 (1.07 to 1.27) |
| Corticosteroid use: No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.81 (1.40 to 2.34) | 1.64 (1.21 to 2.21) |
| Additional SLE therapy (with or without corticosteroids) | ||
| Antimalarials (AMs) only: No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 0.86 (0.57 to 1.29) | 0.81 (0.53 to 1.22) |
| Immunosuppressants (ISs) only: No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.69 (1.08 2.63) | 1.13 (0.71 to 1.80) |
| AMs and ISs: No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.28 (0.85 to 1.92) | 1.06 (0.69 to 1.62) |
| Diabetes: No | NA | NA |
| Yes | NA | NA |
| Hypertension: No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 2.61 (1.97 to 3.46) | 1.71 (1.27 to 2.31) |
| Anti-ds-DNA at baseline: No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.98 (0.76 to 1.28) | |
| Hypocomplementaemia at baseline: No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.08 (0.83 to 1.39) | |
| Anti-B2-GPI at baseline: No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.86 (0.58 to 1.28) | |
| Anticardiolipin at baseline: No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.90 (0.61 to 1.35) | |
| Lupus anticoagulant at baseline: No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.24 (0.90 to 1.70) | |
*A ‘missing’ indicator was included for the 6.1% of patients for whom this information was lacking.
SDI, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC)/American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Damage Index; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SLEDAI-2K, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000.