Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with a new diagnosis of gout and non-gout control group
| Cases (n) (n=3069) | % | Controls (n) (n=9207) | % | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||||
| Men | 2272 | 74.0 | 6816 | 74.0 | – | – |
| Women | 797 | 26.0 | 2391 | 26.0 | – | – |
| Age groups (years) | ||||||
| <45 | 224 | 7.3 | 672 | 7.3 | – | – |
| 45–64 | 965 | 31.4 | 2895 | 31.4 | – | – |
| 65+ | 1880 | 61.3 | 5640 | 61.3 | – | – |
| Geographical area | ||||||
| Northern Italy | 1418 | 46.2 | 4254 | 46.2 | – | – |
| Central Italy | 481 | 15.7 | 1443 | 15.7 | – | – |
| Southern Italy | 1170 | 38.1 | 3510 | 38.1 | – | – |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1970 | 64.2 | 4160 | 45.2 | 2.17 (1.99 to 2.37) | 0.000 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 777 | 25.3 | 1684 | 18.3 | 1.51 (1.37 to 1.67) | 0.000 |
| Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 526 | 17.1 | 1393 | 15.1 | 1.16 (1.04 to 1.29) | 0.008 |
| Coronary artery disease | 512 | 16.7 | 1001 | 10.9 | 1.64 (1.46 to 1.84) | 0.000 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 327 | 10.7 | 620 | 6.7 | 1.65 (1.43 to 1.90) | 0.000 |
| Congestive heart failure | 229 | 7.5 | 285 | 3.1 | 2.52 (2.11 to 3.02) | 0.000 |
| Nephrolithiasis | 224 | 7.3 | 353 | 3.8 | 1.97 (1.66 to 2.35) | 0.000 |
| Renal colic | 197 | 6.4 | 293 | 3.2 | 2.09 (1.73 to 2.51) | 0.000 |
| Chronic renal failure | 840 | 27.4 | 1130 | 12.3 | 2.70 (2.43 to 2.98) | 0.000 |
| Concomitant drug use* | ||||||
| Diuretics | 738 | 24.0 | 1023 | 11.1 | 2.53 (2.28 to 2.81) | 0.000 |
| Salicylates | 671 | 21.9 | 1496 | 16.2 | 1.44 (1.30 to 1.60) | 0.000 |
| Oral anticoagulants | 184 | 6.0 | 259 | 2.8 | 2.20 (1.81 to 2.67) | 0.000 |
| Ciclosporin | 11 | 0.4 | 18 | 0.2 | 1.84 (0.87 to 3.89) | 0.113 |
| Broad-spectrum penicillins | 178 | 5.8 | 328 | 3.6 | 1.67 (1.38 to 2.01) | 0.000 |
| Imidazole derivatives | 26 | 0.8 | 53 | 0.6 | 1.47 (0.92 to 2.36) | 0.105 |
| Levodopa | 12 | 0.4 | 72 | 0.8 | 0.50 (0.27 to 0.92) | 0.026 |
| Body mass index† | ||||||
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 241 | 7.9 | 947 | 10.3 | – | |
| Underweight (<18.5) | 9 | 0.3 | 29 | 0.3 | 1.22 (0.57 to 2.61) | 0.609 |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 462 | 15.1 | 1191 | 12.9 | 1.52 (1.28 to 1.82) | 0.000 |
| Obese (>30) | 220 | 7.2 | 472 | 5.1 | 1.83 (1.48 to 2.27) | 0.000 |
| Uricaemia† | ||||||
| <6 mg/dl | 335 | 10.9 | 1620 | 17.6 | – | |
| 6–7 mg/dl | 222 | 7.2 | 615 | 6.7 | 1.75 (1.44 to 2.12) | 0.000 |
| 7–9 mg/dl | 875 | 28.5 | 682 | 7.4 | 6.20 (5.32 to 7.24) | 0.000 |
| ≥9 mg/dl | 589 | 19.2 | 186 | 2.0 | 15.31 (12.51 to 8.75) | 0.000 |
| Arterial pressure†‡ | ||||||
| Systolic | 154.7 (22.0) | 150.9 (21.9) | <0.005 | |||
| Diastolic | 90.2 (10.7) | 87.9 (10.7) | <0.005 | |||
| Laboratory tests†‡ | ||||||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.3 (0.0) | 1.2 (1.0) | 0.97 | |||
| Glycaemia (mg/dl) | 122.3 (48.5) | 121.3 (50.7) | 0.41 | |||
| Cholesterolaemia (mg/dl) | 233.5 (46.9) | 227.1 (45.4) | <0.005 | |||
| Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 144.3 (41.3) | 145.2 (44.5) | 0.58 | |||
| High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 56.8 (21.0) | 60.3 (74.5) | <0.005 | |||