Sociodemographic factors
| | |
Sex (female) | 120 | 66 |
Age (years) | 47.9 (11.6) | |
Employed | 112 | 63 |
Education level: | | |
primary | 75 | 41 |
secondary | 84 | 46 |
college/university | 21 | 12 |
Married/living together | 138 | 76 |
Body mass index | 25.8 (3.9) | |
Having children | 88 | 49 |
Smoking (now, ever) | 128 | 71 |
| | |
Baseline scores outcome measures
| | |
Pain intensity (scale 0–10) | 5.3 (2.1) | |
Disability at baseline (scale 0–100) | 34.6 (20.4) | |
| | |
Characteristics of the complaint
| | |
Duration of current episode: | | |
<1 week | 9 | 5 |
1 week to 1 month | 49 | 27 |
1 month to 6 months | 77 | 43 |
>6 months | 42 | 23 |
History of elbow complaints | 97 | 54 |
Discomfort caused by complaint: | | |
no discomfort | 5 | 3 |
now and then | 30 | 17 |
regularly | 57 | 31 |
almost continuously | 89 | 49 |
Generalised complaint† | 131 | 72 |
Complaint at dominant elbow | 98 | 54 |
Complaint at both elbows | 25 | 14 |
Use of medication | 70 | 39 |
Symptoms: | | |
Tingling in hand/fingers | 79 | 44 |
numbness feeling in hand/fingers | 46 | 25 |
loss of strength | 96 | 53 |
loss of hand coordination | 16 | 9 |
tendency to shake hands | 43 | 24 |
tendency to massage hands | 81 | 45 |
Putative cause of the complaint: | | |
overload due to usual activities | 100 | 55 |
overload due to unusual activities | 23 | 13 |
overload due to sports | 16 | 9 |
accident during sports/exercise | 0 | 0 |
accident elsewhere | 14 | 8 |
anxiety/stress | 24 | 13 |
chronic disease | 11 | 6 |
other cause | 25 | 14 |
unknown | 40 | 22 |
| | |
Comorbidity (musculoskeletal)
| | |
No comorbidity | 70 | 39 |
Complaints hip/knee | 42 | 23 |
Complaints ankle/foot | 28 | 15 |
Complaints back | 76 | 42 |
Multiple musculoskeletal complaints | 29 | 16 |
Other diseases/problems‡ | 79 | 44 |
Menopause§ | 28 | 23 |
| | |
Physical activity
| | |
ACSM position stand¶ | 20 | 11 |
Norm healthy activity16 | 72 | 40 |
| | |
Psychosocial factors
| | |
Coping with pain: | | |
pain transformation (scale 4–16) | 8.6 (2.6) | |
distraction (scale 5–20) | 10.8 (3.3) | |
reducing demands (scale 3–12) | 6.1 (2.0) | |
retreating (scale 7–28) | 11.1 (4.0) | |
worrying (scale 9–36) | 16.6 (5.0) | |
resting (scale 5–20) | 9.6 (3.2) | |
Distress (scale 0–12) | | |
Kinesiophobia: | | |
fear - avoidance (scale 0–100) | 52.3 (16.7) | |
importance of exercise (scale 0–100) | 59.9 (20.7) | |
Social support (scale 12–60) | 19.1 (8.1) | |
| | |
General health
| | |
Perceived health (scale 1–5) | 3.0 (0.9) | |
Quality of life (scale 1–5) | 3.2 (0.9) | |
Vitality (scale 0–100) | 57.2 (20.2) | |