Clinical manifestations of PAH: primary symptom is dyspnoea*23
| Preclinical | Symptomatic | Declining |
|---|---|---|
| *Adapted from the WHO Functional Assessment of PAH.23 | ||
| Few symptoms manifest, or are mistaken for lack of fitness | Increasing dyspnoea on exertion | Dyspnoea at rest |
| Decreasing exercise tolerance | Severe impairment of exercise tolerance | |
| Fatigue | Hypoxaemia | |
| Syncope | ||
| Chest pain | ||
| Oedema | ||
| Right heart failure. | ||
| WHO class I | WHO class II–III | WHO class IV |