Results are given as No (%) unless otherwise stated. | |
ANA, antinuclear antibodies; ENA, extractable nuclear antigens; aCL, anticardiolipin antibodies; anti-β2GPI, anti-β2-glycoprotein I. | |
Skin/mucosal manifestations, includes butterfly rash/erythema (22 patients), photosensitivity (21 patients), alopecia/defluvium (14 patients), mucosal ulcers (11 patients), extended rash (7 patients), discoid lupus erythematosus (3 patients), subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE; 2 patients); peripheral vascular disease, includes also Raynaud’s phenomenon; extractable nuclear antigens, antibodies against Ro/SSA (16 patients), La/SSB (6 patients), Sm (5 patients), RNP (3 patients), centromere (2 patients); cytotoxic drugs. includes azathioprine and methotrexate. | |
Patient characteristics | |
Male | 3 (9) |
Female | 30 (91) |
Indoor workers | 31 (94) |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 47 (12) |
Duration of SLE (years), mean (SD) | 17 (10) |
Previous or present clinical features | |
Haematological manifestations | 29 (88) |
Musculoskeletal symptoms | 28 (85) |
Skin/mucosal manifestations | 25 (76) |
Peripheral vascular disease | 22 (67) |
Cardiopulmonary disease | 12 (36) |
Renal disease | 11 (33) |
Neuropsychological manifestations | 10 (30) |
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca | 6 (18) |
Antibodies present at the start of the study | |
ANA | 28 (85) |
DNA | 16 (48) |
ENA | 21 (64) |
aCL | 26 (79) |
Anti-β2GPI | 2 (6) |
Treatment for SLE at the start of the study | |
Corticosteroids | 18 (55) |
Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine | 8 (24) |
Cytotoxic drugs | 5 (15) |
Ciclosporin | 1 (3) |
No treatment | 12 (36) |