Table 2

Cytokines and cytokine receptors in heart failure

		Cytokines				Cytokine receptors
		TNF	IL1			IL2	IL6	IFNγ	STNFR1	STNFR2	IL1RA
Levine¹	+	nd	nd	nd	nd		nd	nd	nd
McMurray²	+	nd	nd	nd	nd		nd	nd	nd
Dutka³	+	nd	nd	nd	nd		nd	nd	nd
Wiederman30	+	−	nd	+	−		nd	nd	nd
Katz⁴	+	−	+	nd	nd		nd	nd	nd
Matsumori⁵	+	−	−	−	−		nd	nd	nd
Ferrari31	+	nd	nd	nd	nd		+	+	nd
Pritchett32	−	nd	nd	nd	nd		nd	nd	nd
Torre17	+	nd	nd	nd	nd		+	+	nd
Torre⁷	+	nd	nd	+	nd		nd	nd	nd
Milani33	+	nd	nd	nd	nd		+	nd	+
Munger34	−	−	nd	+	nd		nd	nd	nd
Testa35	+	+	−	+	nd		nd	+	+
Anker36	+	nd	nd	nd	nd		nd	nd	nd
McGowen37	+	nd	nd	+	nd		nd	nd	nd
Mohler38	+	nd	nd	+	nd		nd	nd	nd
Nishigaki39	+	nd	nd	+	nd		nd	nd	nd
Anker40	+	nd	nd	nd	nd		+	+	nd

nd: not done, +: levels increased, −: levels not increased.