• Spondyloarthritis
• Low Back Pain
• Ankylosing Spondylitis
• Epidemiology

New diagnostic tools and effective treatment for axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) became available in the last decade. This has raised the need for adequate referral strategies for patients with low back pain suspected of axSpA. However, there is no agreement on which referral strategy is best. Recently, the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) group has published recommendations for the early referral for suspected axSpA1 (box 1). Nonetheless, some critical remarks can be made regarding these recommendations.

First, the recommendations have been developed using a Delphi process and final voting, but they have not been tested in daily practice yet. Testing in daily practice is important since it provides measures to determine the accuracy of the recommendations, such as sensitivity and specificity. Second, no primary care specialists were involved in this Delphi process, which is remarkable as the recommendations are intended to be used in primary care. Finally, it is not clear if the chosen cut point for referral, that is, at least one parameter present in patients with low back pain aged <45 years, is the optimal cut point for primary care practice. To find the optimal cut point not only a high sensitivity or specificity, but also an acceptable level of positive predictive value (PPV) is essential. The PPV is important for daily practice; it is the proportion of patients with a positive referral recommendation who actually have axSpA.2

The two recently published CaFaSpA (CAse Finding Axial SPondyloArthritis) studies provide a large cohort of young primary care patients (18–45 years) with chronic low back pain (CLBP).3 ,4 The cohort consists of 941 Dutch patients (58% female, mean age 36.0 years), who had CLBP for at least 3 months and age of back pain onset <45 years. All patients underwent a complete diagnostic work-up, which included standardised history, physical examination, HLA-B27, C reactive protein; erythrocyte sedimentation rate, X-ray and MRI of the sacroiliac joints. AxSpA was defined by the ASAS criteria.5

One hundred and eighty-one (19%) of the 941 patients with CLBP were identified as having axSpA. Using the ASAS recommendations, 800 of the 941 patients would be referred to the rheumatologist, resulting in a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 19% and PPV of 23% (table 1). This means that all axSpA cases are detected by the ASAS recommendations. However, more than 80% of the referred patients do not have axSpA, which is undesirable. Using a cut point of at least two parameters also results in a sensitivity of 100%, but the specificity increases to 60% and the PPV to 38%.

We believe that these findings are valid as they were assessed in a large primary care CLBP population, in which, information of all referral parameters was available. Assuming a prior probability of 5% of axSpA in a CLBP population,6 the probability of having axSpA increases to 23% if there is one parameter of the ASAS recommendations present. Using the cut point of two parameters present, the probability of axSpA increases to 38%; therefore, it seems more appropriate to use the cut point of two parameters in daily practice. For a more widespread validation of referral strategies for axSpA, prospective follow-up cohorts should be set up, where the real impact of referral strategies on patients should be investigated.