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Abstract
Objectives Prediction of radiographic progression (RP) in early rheumatoid arthritis (eRA) would be very useful for optimal choice among available therapies. We evaluated a multi-biomarker disease activity (MBDA) score, based on 12 serum biomarkers as a baseline predictor for 1-year RP in eRA.
Methods Baseline disease activity score based on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR), disease activity score based on C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP), CRP, MBDA scores and DAS28-ESR at 3 months were analysed for 235 patients with eRA from the Swedish Farmacotherapy (SWEFOT) clinical trial. RP was defined as an increase in the Van der Heijde-modified Sharp score by more than five points over 1 year. Associations between baseline disease activity measures, the MBDA score, and 1-year RP were evaluated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders.
Results Among 235 patients with eRA, 5 had low and 29 moderate MBDA scores at baseline. None of the former and only one of the latter group (3.4%) had RP during 1 year, while the proportion of patients with RP among those with high MBDA score was 20.9% (p=0.021). Among patients with low/moderate CRP, moderate DAS28-CRP or moderate DAS28-ESR at baseline, progression occurred in 14%, 15%, 14% and 15%, respectively. MBDA score was an independent predictor of RP as a continuous (OR=1.05, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.08) and dichotomised variable (high versus low/moderate, OR=3.86, 95% CI 1.04 to 14.26).
Conclusions In patients with eRA, the MBDA score at baseline was a strong independent predictor of 1-year RP. These results suggest that when choosing initial treatment in eRA the MBDA test may be clinically useful to identify a subgroup of patients at low risk of RP.
Trial registration number WHO database at the Karolinska Institute: CT20080004; and clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00764725.
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Disease Activity
- Anti-TNF
- Cytokines
- Patient perspective
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Introduction
The course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can vary from mild and non-destructive to severe and rapidly destructive.1 ,2 Although some clinical parameters at diagnosis, including inflammatory markers, baseline erosions, smoking, and in some studies, auto-antibody status, have been shown to be associated with the risk of radiographic progression (RP),3–14 they have limited predictive power on an individual basis. Therefore, identification of new predictors would be beneficial for establishing the prognosis at an early stage and for optimally choosing therapy.
Various serum biomarkers have been studied as predictors of RP. For example, bone and cartilage metabolism turnover are found to be associated with RP of joint damage in patients with RA,15–17 whereas high leptin and eotaxin levels, although being pro-inflammatory, are associated with better radiographic outcomes.18 ,19 To date, no single biomarker has proven to be highly reliable for predicting RP.20 ,21 Therefore, the use of combinations of biomarkers may be a more promising approach.
The multiple-biomarker disease activity (MBDA; Crescendo Bioscience Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA) score (range from 1 to 100) is based on serum levels of several biomarkers. The development of the MBDA score started with screening 396 candidate biomarkers and ended up with 12 that were combined into a score and shown to correlate well with disease activity.22–24 This test is validated for clinical use in the USA as a disease activity marker in RA. Its value as a predictor of clinical and radiographic outcomes is currently the subject of several studies. Bakker et al25 showed in the CAMERA study that the MBDA score correlated significantly (r=0.72; p<0.001) with disease activity score based on C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP). Hirata et al26 observed an association of the MBDA score and its 1-year change with different clinical outcomes and Van der Helm-Van Mil et al23 demonstrated that remission based on the MBDA score was associated with limited RP in patients with established RA on disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy compared with other clinical measures of remission.
We report a post hoc analysis of the Swedish Farmacotherapy (SWEFOT) randomised clinical trial in DMARD-naïve early RA (eRA), which featured an initial 3-month treatment with methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy. In patients whose disease did not respond to initial therapy, this was followed by a randomised comparison between non-biological triple DMARD therapy and MTX plus biological (anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)) therapy.27 ,28 The MBDA score was measured in baseline serum samples from patients included in the SWEFOT clinical trial and studied as a predictor of RP after 1 year.
Methods
Study population
This study was performed with data from the SWEFOT clinical trial, in which 487 DMARD-naïve patients with eRA (duration<1 year) from 15 different clinics in Sweden started 3 months of MTX treatment. After 3 months of MTX monotherapy, those whose disease did not respond (DAS28>3.2) were randomised into two groups: group A (n=130) received MTX combined with sulfasalazine (SSZ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) (triple therapy), and group B (n=128) received MTX combined with infliximab. Approximately one-third of patients (n=145) had a good response after 3 months of MTX monotherapy (DAS28≤3.2) and they continued the treatment for 2 years. The trial was described in detail elsewhere.27
Clinical and radiographic outcomes
For this study complete sets of baseline demographic, serological and radiographic data, and clinical measures from 235 patients were analysed. Identification of clinical response to MTX monotherapy was done by using DAS28 based on ESR at 3-month follow-up (≤3.2: response; >3.2: non-response).29 We also analysed CRP (mg/L), ESR and DAS28-CRP. The thresholds for disease activity levels according to these measures were as follows: for DAS28-ESR, low ≤3.2, moderate 3.3–5.1 and high >5.130; for CRP, low ≤10 mg/L, moderate >10–30 mg/L and high >30 mg/L31; and for DAS28-CRP, low ≤2.7, moderate 2.8–4.1 and high >4.1.32 Categorisation of patients in ESR low, moderate and high disease activity groups was done by using tertiles of the measure (for results based on continuous variables and tertiles using other disease activity measures, see online supplementary figures S1 and S2, respectively). X-rays of the hands and feet were done at baseline and after 1 year, and the van der Heijde modified Sharp score (SHS) was calculated.33 Patients whose SHS increased by more than five points from baseline to 1 year (ΔSHS>5) were considered to have rapid RP (RRP).34 ,35 In addition, two other thresholds (ΔSHS>0 and ΔSHS>3) were analysed for comparison. In the analyses of RRP that follow, these 235 patients were treated as a single group because their results define the overall outcome of the SWEFOT tight control strategy for patients with recent onset RA.
Biomarker measurement and MBDA score
The MBDA score was measured in baseline serum samples from the SWEFOT participants and is based on the following 12 biomarkers: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, epidermal growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin 6, TNF receptor I, matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3, bone glycoprotein 39 (YKL-40), leptin, resistin, serum amyloid A and CRP. These biomarkers were measured by electrochemiluminescence-based multiplexed immunoassays on the Meso Scale Discovery Multi-Array platform.36 The measured levels for each of the 12 biomarkers were weighted and combined using a validated formula to derive the MBDA score (Vectra DA score), which ranges from 1 to 100. In this study, the following disease activity categories according to the MBDA score were used: low (<30), moderate (30–44) and high (>44).22 ,23
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics were prepared for demographics and baseline disease-related characteristics, including measures of disease activity. The association between RP at 1 year and each baseline disease activity measure was evaluated using univariate logistic regression. Wald's χ2 test (p<0.05) and the estimated OR and corresponding 95% CI were used from the logistic model to assess the strength and direction of the association, respectively. Additionally, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association between RP and baseline MBDA score, while simultaneously accounting for potential confounders at baseline. For the multivariate analyses, we adjusted for all significant univariate predictors as in our recent report based on the same study populations.37 The reported p values from these additional analyses were not adjusted for multiple testing. The difference in proportion of RP between patients with low/moderate and high MBDA score groups was compared by Fisher's Exact test. Probability plots were used to depict graphically the occurrence of RP over 1 year with patients stratified by the aforementioned baseline disease activity categories (low, moderate and high). Measures of sensitivity and specificity (positive predictive value and negative predictive value) were calculated to determine the degree to which the baseline MBDA score accurately predicts RP at 1 year.
Results
Description of the study cohort
A total of 235 patients had complete radiographic, clinical and serological data for evaluation in this study (‘study cohort’). Demographic and clinical data at baseline for these patients were similar to those for the overall SWEFOT trial population (table 1). Overall, the patients in the study cohort had a mean symptom duration of 6.1 months from diagnosis and moderate to high disease activity, as expected in an early-onset RA population.
Baseline characteristics and demographic data of patients from SWEFOT trial
Following 3 months of MTX therapy, 78 (33%) of the 235 patients in the study cohort responded to treatment and continued to receive MTX monotherapy per protocol and 157 (67%) did not respond and were randomised to receive triple DMARD therapy (group A) or MTX with infliximab (group B; table 2).
Radiographic progression over 1 year stratified by clinical response at 3 months of MTX monotherapy
RRP, defined as ΔSHS>5 from baseline to 1 year, was observed for 43 of the 235 patients in the study cohort.
Baseline characteristics and RP
Among baseline parameters, MBDA, ESR and CRP values were significantly higher in patients with RP versus those without (p<0.001, p=0.001 and p=0.018 respectively; table 1). Mean changes in SHS from baseline to 1 year were 2.1 and 3.6 for the responder and non-responder groups, respectively and 13% of the responder group had RRP (ΔSHS>5), compared with 21% in the non-responder group. Other thresholds including ΔSHS>0 and ΔSHS>3 were also tested (see online supplementary table S1).
Relationship between RP and baseline level of MBDA score, CRP, ESR or DAS28
The discriminative capacity of the baseline MBDA score, CRP, DAS28 and ESR for RP is illustrated by cumulative probability plots of ΔSHS from baseline to 1 year (figure 1 and see online supplementary figures S1 and S2). The curve for the high MBDA group was markedly different from curves for the low or moderate MBDA groups (figure 1A). By contrast, curves for the three baseline CRP groups, two DAS28 groups and three ESR groups were more similar, with RRP being relatively frequent in all categories of these baseline measures (figure 1B–D, respectively). Mean ΔSHS values and frequencies of progression for other thresholds of ΔSHS followed the same trends across categories of MBDA score as observed for ΔSHS>5 (table 2).
Probability plots of radiographic progression at year 1 for high, moderate and low disease activity patient (N=235) grouped according to baseline MBDA (A), CRP (B), DAS28 (C) and ESR (D). Each black circle represents a patient with low disease activity, red triangle—moderate disease activity and blue square—high disease activity. Horizontal dashed line represents ΔSHS=5 from baseline to 1 year, above which the change is considered as rapid radiographic progression (ΔSHS>5). DAS28, disease activity score; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; MBDA, multi-biomarker disease activity; SHS, Sharp–van der Heijde score.
Discordance between MBDA scores and clinical assessments: relationship to RP
As illustrated in figure 2, none of the patients had low DAS28-ESR or DAS28-CRP at baseline (because of the trial inclusion criteria), but among those with moderate DAS28-ESR/CRP and low/moderate CRP, approximately 15% developed RP during 1 year (figure 2A–C, respectively). While all patients with low MBDA score had low CRP and no RP, a high MBDA score was observed in 59% (42/71) of patients with low CRP and all rapid progression associated with low CRP (n=10) occurred in the high MBDA subgroup (figure 2C). Thus, almost all patients with RP (42 of 43 cases) belonged to the high MBDA group (n=201) and represented 21% of that group versus only one case of progression (3.4%) among patients with moderate (n=29, p=0.021), and none among patients with low MBDA score (figure 2D).
Cross tabulation of all analysed patients (N=235) and subset (n=43) with rapid radiographic progression (ΔSHS>5) over 1 year, by baseline disease activity measures. The denominator in each cell represents the number of patients cross classified by baseline MBDA score and DAS28-ESR (A), baseline MBDA score and DAS28-CRP (B) and baseline MBDA score and CRP (C) disease activity scores. The numerator in each cell represents the number of patients with radiographic progression at 1 year. (D) Radiographic progression for MBDA low, moderate and high score groups (%). Radiographic progression at 1 year is defined by increase in SHS>5 compared with baseline. CRP, C-reactive protein; DAS28-CRP, disease activity score based on C-reactive protein; DAS28-ESR, disease activity score based on erythrocyte sedimentation rate; MBDA, multi-biomarker disease activity; SHS, Sharp–van der Heijde score.
The accuracy of the baseline MBDA score to predict RP at year 1 was assessed by calculating measures of sensitivity and specificity (see online supplementary table S2 and text S1). Additionally, the relationship between RP and baseline MBDA score was further examined in the subgroup of patients with high baseline scores (>44) (see online supplementary figures S3 and S4).
Disease activity at baseline for predicting RRP
Univariate analyses of the radiographic subgroup (n=235) demonstrated significant associations with RRP, defined as ΔSHS>5 units in 1 year, for baseline MBDA score (the odds of RP increased by 5% for each 1-unit increase in the MBDA score: OR=1.05, p<0.001) and baseline CRP (OR=1.10, p=0.018) but not for baseline DAS28-ESR (OR = 1.31, p=0.107) or DAS28-CRP (OR = 1.22, p=0.237) (table 3). Further analyses of the high MBDA subset also confirmed that odds for RP is doubled in patients whose MBDA score is above 65 compared with those whose MBDA score is >44–65 (see online supplementary figure S4).
Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses of baseline MBDA score, DAS28 and CRP as predictors of 1-year radiographic progression
In bivariate analyses that adjusted the MBDA scores for 11 different clinical variables and for sex, one at a time, the baseline MBDA score was always an independent predictor of RRP (OR values: 1.04–1.06, p values: 0.021 to <0.001).
Furthermore, MBDA score as a continuous variable was a strong independent predictor of RRP after 1 year (OR=1.05, p<0.001; table 3), using a multivariate logistic regression model with adjustment for all significant baseline predictors from univariate analyses (sex, symptom duration, current smoking status, erosions, Health Assessment Questionnaire score), as in our recent publication.37 When dichotomised into high MBDA score versus not, the adjusted OR for RRP after 1 year was 3.86 (p=0.04).
Discussion
In this post hoc analysis of the SWEFOT trial we demonstrated that in DMARD-naïve patients with eRA, baseline serum levels of the 12-biomarker MBDA score may predict those that are at low versus relatively higher risk of RP (0%, 3.4% and 21% RP among patients with low, moderate and high MBDA score, respectively). Our results also indicate that baseline MBDA scores discriminate risk for subsequent RP in SWEFOT more effectively than the baseline CRP or DAS28. Furthermore, MBDA score, both on a continuous and dichotomised (high vs low/moderate), scale was found to be an independent predictor of RP after adjustments for other predictors in this study population.
Early identification of patients with RA whose condition is likely to have a good or poor response to the treatment is very important for the optimal choice of the therapy. However, good clinical response does not guarantee good radiographic outcome.38–42 Therefore, predictors of clinical and radiographic response are vital for patients’ long-term outcome.
We evaluated baseline MBDA score as a predictor of 1 year RP, which was measured as the change in SHS. The definition of RP according to ΔSHS varies in different clinical studies. Van der Helm-van Mil et al23 used ΔSHS>3 as the main definition for progression, though ΔSHS>0 and ΔSHS>5 were also applied for comparison. Vastesaeger et al34 tested different threshold values for RP from ΔSHS>0 to ΔSHS≥9 and found that ΔSHS≥5 was a suitable definition for RRP. Bruynesteyn et al35 showed that ΔSHS≥5 had 83% specificity for the smallest detectable difference in RP. Therefore we applied a threshold of ΔSHS>5 for RRP.
Previously, the MBDA score was evaluated and cut-offs were established for ‘molecular remission’ (≤25), low (<30), moderate (30–44) and high (>44) disease activity scores.22 ,23 As it was designed, the MBDA score is significantly associated with such disease activity measures as DAS28-CRP, DAS28-ESR, ESR, CRP, simple disease activity index and clinical disease activity index.22 ,25 ,26
The relationship between MBDA score and RP has been investigated in other settings. In the CAMERA trial, the MBDA score was predictive of RP with borderline significance after adjustment for rheumatoid factor and baseline erosions.25 In that study, baseline MBDA score was compared with RP over 2 years and ΔSHS>0 was used as the cut-off. Perhaps most importantly, the sample size (n=72) in that study was smaller. Van der Helm-van Mil et al23 showed that a greater proportion (93%) of patients with MBDA≤25 (‘molecular remission’) had no progression (SHS≤3) compared with patients in DAS28-CRP (<2.32; 80%) or American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) (28 tender joint count, 28 swollen joint count, patient's global assessment and CRP≤1; 83%) remission. Moreover, the difference in the proportion without progression was only significant (p=0.001) for remission vs non-remission groups based on the MBDA score (but not when based on the DAS28-CRP or ACR/EULAR definitions of remission). Furthermore, their study showed that patients with high MBDA score were at sixfold higher risk of RP (ΔSHS>3) than those in MBDA remission. Finally, the proportion with RP in the DAS28-CRP remission group who had a high MBDA score (47%) was twice as high as it was in all patients that met DAS28-CRP remission (20%) criteria.23 Although that study was based on the Leiden Early Arthritis Cohort, the samples were obtained at different time points during the disease course, while patients were already on established DMARD therapy, and it therefore conceptually addresses a different question compared with our study. Moreover, 20% of patients from the former study, compared with only 2% from our study cohort, had remission or low disease activity by MBDA, consistent with the fact that the former were on stable DMARD therapy while patients in SWEFOT were DMARD naïve at inclusion. However, one important finding in these two studies is similar, namely that the MBDA score is a stronger predictor of 1-year RP than DAS28-CRP.
In the current study, patients with low or moderate MBDA score (≤44) were shown to be at low risk of RP. Furthermore, when adjusted for commonly used markers and gender in bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, the findings remained, indicating independence of the MBDA association with RP. We also demonstrated that MBDA score differentiated patients without progression from those with progression better than CRP. Sensitivity and specificity analysis revealed a strong negative prediction (radiographic non-progression). However, positive predictive value and specificity were very low, indicating that, though having relatively higher risk, the majority of patients with high MBDA score still did not progress radiographically over 1 year. These data suggest that baseline MBDA score might be used for identification of patients at lower risk of progression and will help in appropriate choice of therapy for patients with a high MBDA score and at risk of RP.
Our study has some limitations. Since patients with low DAS28 were not included in the SWEFOT trial; it was not possible to analyse the predictive value of the MBDA score in this patient group. Also it should be noted that as a randomised control trial, the SWEFOT study does not fully represent the RA population. However, it was designed to be as close to a real-life eRA population as possible, with the only major inclusion criterion being DAS28>3.2. The study is a post hoc analysis of the SWEFOT trial, which was designed primarily for comparison of biological and non-biological combination DMARD therapies. During the trial some patients had to switch from one drug to another for different reasons (lack of efficacy, side effects), and such switches could affect radiographic outcomes. However, any changes made in response to a lack of efficacy would most likely attenuate any true differences between the groups.
The strengths of this study were that it was based on a prospective, randomised trial, with a generous sample size, and that all the analyses presented here are based on the baseline clinical characteristics and the baseline MBDA score, information that could in principle be available to the clinician when making the first decision regarding therapy.
It will be important to study the predictive value of the MBDA score at additional time points for even longer follow-up times of clinical and radiographic data.
In conclusion, in DMARD-naïve patients with eRA, low/moderate MBDA score at baseline was shown to be associated with a very low risk of RP after 1 year. If confirmed in other studies, these data suggest that MBDA score can be useful in risk assessment for RP in eRA.
Acknowledgments
The SWEFOT Trial Investigators Group, besides the authors: Johan Bratt, Stockholm; Kristina Albertsson, Stockholm; Lars Cöster, Linköping; Eva Waltbrand, Borås; Agneta Zickert, Stockholm; Jan Theander, Kristianstad; Åke Thörner, Eskilstuna; Helena Hellström, Falun; Annika Teleman, Halmstad; Christina Dackhammar, Mölndal; Finn Akre, Örebro; Lotta Ljung, Umeå; Rolf Oding, Västerås; Katerina Chatzidionysiou, Stockholm; Margareta Wörnert, Stockholm. We would like to thank all participating patients and the study nurses, co-investigators and colleagues who made this trial possible.
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Files in this Data Supplement:
- Data supplement 1 - Online figures
- Data supplement 2 - Online table 1
- Data supplement 3 - Online table 2
Footnotes
Handling editor Tore K Kvien
Correction notice This article has been corrected twice since it was published Online First. Minor changes have been made to the Results section of the Abstract. In addition, a minor correction has been made to a value in table 1.
Contributors KH had the lead role in management of the merged clinical and serological datasets and analyses thereof, discussions with collaborators, drafting of the manuscript and its final approval for submission. SS contributed to the management of the merged clinical and serological datasets and had a lead role in the statistical analyses thereof, participated in discussions with collaborators, critically reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version for submission. RB, DC, ES and SC were responsible for the serum analyses and the MBDA score generation, quality control of these data, and contributed to analysis and interpretations of these data. They all reviewed the manuscript critically and approved the final version for submission. KF had the main responsibility of the radiological scoring in the SWEFOT trial and supported the statistical analyses and interpretations thereof, participated in discussions with collaborators, critically reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version for submission. IP and PG were key investigators and steering committee members in the SWEFOT trial. They supported the statistical analyses and interpretations of the data in the current study, participated in discussions with collaborators, critically reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version for submission. RvV was an investigator in the SWEFOT trial and responsible investigator of the study reported here. He designed the study and organised the collaboration with Crescendo Biosciences Inc for the patients’ serum analyses and the MBDA score generation. He also discussed and reviewed the manuscript critically and gave his final approval for submission of the manuscript.
Funding The study was supported in part by a grant from the Swedish Rheumatism Association. Some of the authors were supported by clinical research funds from Stockholm County (ALF funds). An annual unrestricted grant was provided by Schering-Plough Sweden that was used to support a study coordinator and a medical monitor for the original clinical trial. The analyses of the MBDA score were done by Crescendo Bioscience Inc (South San Francisco, California, USA), at no cost to the investigators. No financial support was provided by Crescendo Bioscience Inc or other companies for this study.
Competing interests RvV received research support and/or honoraria from AbbVie, Biotest, BMS, GSK, Lilly, Merck, Pfizer, Roche, UCB, Vertex. IP received research funding and/or honoraria from AbbVie, UCB Pharma and Pfizer, not related to this study. ES is an employee of and holds stock options from Crescendo Bioscienc Inc. DC receives consulting fees and stock options from Crescendo Bioscience Inc. KF has received honoraria from AbbVie and BMS, not related to this study. RB is an employee of and receives stock options form Crescendo Bioscience Inc. SC is an independent contractor to Crescendo Bioscience In and is paid on an hourly basis. KH, SS and PG: none declared.
Ethics approval This study was approved by the regional ethics committees of all participating units.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.