REPORT

New targets III—pathways

A toll for T cell costimulation

F Y Liew, M Komai-Koma, D Xu

Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
F Y Liew
Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK; fyl1h@clinmed.gla.ac.uk

Abbreviations: APC, antigen presenting cell; BLP, bacterial lipoprotein; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; PAMP, pathogen associated molecular pattern; Th, T helper; TCR, T cell receptor; TLR, toll-like receptor

Keywords: toll-like receptor; T cell receptor; antigen presenting cell; bacterial lipoprotein; TLR2; TLR signalling

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.

Toll was originally found in Drosophila as a pattern recognition receptor associated with defence against fungal and bacterial infections.^1,2 Subsequently, toll was found in mammals and named toll-like receptor (TLR). At least 10 distinct TLRs have now been identified in humans.^3–9 TLRs are activated by pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) with target selectivity. PAMPs are integral structural components of pathogens that are thus thought to be essential for survival of infectious organisms and considered to be conserved among a range of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

TLRs act as primary sensors of microbial products and activate signalling pathways that lead to the induction of immune and inflammatory genes.¹⁰ They belong to a broader family of proteins, which includes receptors for the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-18 and the orphan receptor T1/ST2.¹¹ All members of this superfamily signal inflammation in a very similar manner. This is due . . . [Full text of this article]

CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Thibault, S., Tardif, M. R., Barat, C., Tremblay, M. J. (2007). TLR2 Signaling Renders Quiescent Naive and Memory CD4+ T Cells More Susceptible to Productive Infection with X4 and R5 HIV-Type 1. J. Immunol. 179: 4357-4366 [Abstract] [Full Text]