Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60:641-649 ( July )

Review

Guidelines for musculoskeletal ultrasound in rheumatology

M Backhaus^a, G-R Burmester^a, T Gerber^b, W Grassi^c, K P Machold^d, W A Swen^e, R J Wakefield^f, B Manger^{* g}

^a Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany, ^b Department of Rheumatology and Physical Medicine, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland, ^c Department of Rheumatology, University of Ancona, Jesi, Italy, ^d Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Vienna, Austria, ^e Department of Rheumatology, Medisch Centrum Alkmaar, The Netherlands, ^f Department of Rheumatology, University of Leeds, United Kingdom, ^g Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Erlangen, Germany

Correspondence to: Dr B Manger, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Erlangen Krankenhausstr 12, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany

Accepted for publication 19 March 2001

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.

	1. Introduction

Within the past decade, musculoskeletal ultrasound (US) has become an established imaging technique for the diagnosis and follow up of patients with rheumatic diseases.^1-5 This has been made possible through technological improvements, resulting in faster computers and higher frequency transducers. US is most commonly used in the assessment of soft tissue disease or detection of fluid collection and can also be used to visualise other structures, such as cartilage and bone surfaces.^6 7 Owing to the better axial and lateral resolution of US, even minute bone surface abnormalities may be depicted. Thus destructive and/or reparative/hypertrophic changes on the bone surface may be seen before they are apparent on plain x rays or even magnetic resonance imaging.⁸ However, US wave frequencies cannot penetrate into bone, therefore imaging of intra-articular disease is usually not possible. The "real time" capability of US allows dynamic assessment of joint and tendon movements, which can often aid . . . [Full text of this article]

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