EXTENDED REPORT

Influence of glucocorticoids and disease activity on total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

M Boers¹, M T Nurmohamed², C J A Doelman³, L R Lard⁴, A C Verhoeven⁵, A E Voskuyl⁶, T W J Huizinga⁴, R J van de Stadt⁷, B A C Dijkmans⁸ and Sj van der Linden⁹

¹ Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Rheumatology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
² Department of Rheumatology, VU University Medical Centre, Jan van Breemen Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
³ Central Laboratory, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
⁴ Department of Rheumatolgy, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
⁵ Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
⁶ Department of Rheumatology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
⁷ Jan van Breemen Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
⁸ Department of Rheumatology, VU University Medical Centre, Jan van Breemen Institute, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
⁹ Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Dr M T Nurmohamed, Department of Rheumatology, VU University Medical Centre, Room 4A42, PO Box 7057, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
mt.nurmohamed{at}vumc.nl

Background: Glucocorticoids induce hypercholesterolaemia, a cardiovascular risk factor, in patients with diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the data in RA are contradictory.

Objective: To determine the effects of antirheumatic treatment, including prednisolone (combination) therapy on total and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in RA, taking disease activity into account.

Methods: HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol levels were determined in:(a) established RA (b) two cohorts with early active RA, (c) a previously conducted 56 week trial among patients with early RA comparing the value of intensive combination therapy (that included glucocorticoids) with sulfasalazine alone (COBRA trial).

Results: In established RA total cholesterol levels were only slightly raised, irrespective of disease activity. However, HDL cholesterol was significantly higher in patients in remission than in patients with active disease. In contrast, in active early RA at baseline total cholesterol was low normal: between 4.6 and 5.1 mmol/l in the different populations. The level of HDL cholesterol was highly dependent on the duration of storage. In both COBRA groups total cholesterol increased by a mean of 0.6 mmol/l. HDL cholesterol increased by more than 50% after treatment, leading to an improvement of the total cholesterol/HDL ratio (atherogenic index). This increase (and index improvement) was much more rapid in the group receiving combination treatment. A similar pattern was seen in the 2001 cohort with early RA. In all the groups with active disease HDL and total cholesterol levels correlated inversely with disease activity.

Conclusion: In established, but especially in early RA, disease activity is accompanied by atherogenic lipid levels. This dyslipidaemia can be rapidly reversed by aggressive antirheumatic treatment including glucocorticoids.

Keywords: rheumatoid arthritis; lipid profile; cholesterol; disease activity

Abbreviations: ACR, American College of Rheumatology; DAS, disease activity score; DMARDs, disease modifying antirheumatic drugs; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HDL, high density lipoprotein; RA, rheumatoid arthritis

CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Nurmohamed, M. T, Dijkmans, B. A C (2009). Dyslipidaemia, statins and rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 68: 453-455 [Full Text]  
• Dixon, W G, Symmons, D P M (2007). What effects might anti-TNF{alpha} treatment be expected to have on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis? A review of the role of TNF{alpha} in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Ann Rheum Dis 66: 1132-1136 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Peters, M J L, Vis, M, van Halm, V P, Wolbink, G J, Voskuyl, A E, Lems, W F, Dijkmans, B A C, Twisk, J W R, de Koning, M H M T, van de Stadt, R J, Nurmohamed, M T (2007). Changes in lipid profile during infliximab and corticosteroid treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 66: 958-961 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fardet, L., Cabane, J., Kettaneh, A., Lebbe, C., Flahault, A. (2007). Corticosteroid-induced lipodystrophy is associated with features of the metabolic syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 46: 1102-1106 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Farragher, T. M, Lunt, M., Bunn, D. K, Silman, A. J, Symmons, D. P M (2007). Early functional disability predicts both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in people with inflammatory polyarthritis: results from the Norfolk Arthritis Register. Ann Rheum Dis 66: 486-492 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• van Halm, V P, Nielen, M M J, Nurmohamed, M T, van Schaardenburg, D, Reesink, H W, Voskuyl, A E, Twisk, J W R, van de Stadt, R J, de Koning, M H M T, Habibuw, M R, van der Horst-Bruinsma, I E, Dijkmans, B A C (2007). Lipids and inflammation: serial measurements of the lipid profile of blood donors who later developed rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 66: 184-188 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Voskuyl, A. E. (2006). The heart and cardiovascular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 45: iv4-iv7 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Da Silva, J A P, Jacobs, J W G, Kirwan, J R, Boers, M, Saag, K G, Ines, L B S, de Koning, E J P, Buttgereit, F, Cutolo, M, Capell, H, Rau, R, Bijlsma, J W J (2006). Safety of low dose glucocorticoid treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: published evidence and prospective trial data. Ann Rheum Dis 65: 285-293 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gerli, R, Goodson, N J (2005). Cardiovascular involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Lupus 14: 679-682 [Abstract]  
• Pisu, M., James, N., Sampsel, S., Saag, K. G. (2005). The cost of glucocorticoid-associated adverse events in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 44: 781-788 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bijlsma, J W J, Boers, M, Saag, K G, Furst, D E (2003). Glucocorticoids in the treatment of early and late RA. Ann Rheum Dis 62: 1033-1037 [Full Text]